Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines

Journal of Water and Health
Razak SeiduThor-Axel Stenström

Abstract

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) models with 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations were applied to ascertain the risks of rotavirus and Ascaris infections for farmers using different irrigation water qualities and consumers of lettuce irrigated with the different water qualities after allowing post-harvest handling. A tolerable risk (TR) of infection of 7.7 x 10(-4) and 1 x 10(-2) per person per year were used for rotavirus and Ascaris respectively. The risk of Ascaris infection was within a magnitude of 10(-2) for farmers accidentally ingesting drain or stream irrigation water; approximately 10(0) for farmers accidentally ingesting farm soil and 10(0) for farmers ingesting any of the irrigation waters and contaminated soil. There was a very low risk (10(-5)) of Ascaris infection for farmers using pipe-water. For consumers, the annual risks of Ascaris and rotavirus infections were 10(0) and 10(-3) for drain and stream irrigated lettuce respectively with slight increases for rotavirus infections along the post-harvest handling chain. Pipe irrigated lettuce recorded a rotavirus infection of 10(-4) with no changes due to post harvest handling. The assessment identified on-farm soil contamination as the most significant healt...Continue Reading

Citations

Apr 24, 2013·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Megan E Gemmell, Stefan Schmidt
Mar 1, 2014·Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis·Hoi-Fei Mok, Andrew J Hamilton
Mar 20, 2016·Environmental Science & Technology·Matthew E VerbylaJames R Mihelcic
May 21, 2018·Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH·Isaac Dennis AmoahThor Axel Stenström
Feb 9, 2012·EcoHealth·Aleix FerrerJakob Zinsstag
Apr 23, 2016·Journal of Water and Health·Stephanie R GretschChristine L Moe
Mar 1, 2018·Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·P Gyawali
Jul 18, 2018·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Annalaura CarducciMarco Verani
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Feb 19, 2021·Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·Rajashree HajarePranav Nagarnaik

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