Quantifying Normal Craniofacial Form and Baseline Craniofacial Asymmetry in the Pediatric Population

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Min-Jeong ChoAlex A Kane

Abstract

Restoring craniofacial symmetry is an important objective in the treatment of many craniofacial conditions. Normal form has been measured using anthropometry, cephalometry, and photography, yet all of these modalities have drawbacks. In this study, the authors define normal pediatric craniofacial form and craniofacial asymmetry using stereophotogrammetric images, which capture a densely sampled set of points on the form. After institutional review board approval, normal, healthy children (n = 533) with no known craniofacial abnormalities were recruited at well-child visits to undergo full head stereophotogrammetric imaging. The children's ages ranged from 0 to 18 years. A symmetric three-dimensional template was registered and scaled to each individual scan using 25 manually placed landmarks. The template was deformed to each subject's three-dimensional scan using a thin-plate spline algorithm and closest point matching. Age-based normal facial models were derived. Mean facial asymmetry and statistical characteristics of the population were calculated. The mean head asymmetry across all pediatric subjects was 1.5 ± 0.5 mm (range, 0.46 to 4.78 mm), and the mean facial asymmetry was 1.2 ± 0.6 mm (range, 0.4 to 5.4 mm). There were...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 11, 2019·Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research·Motoki KatsubeSiddharth R Vora
Nov 16, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Rafael DenadaiPang-Yun Chou
May 7, 2019·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Rami R HallacAlex A Kane
Nov 16, 2019·The Cleft Palate-craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association·Rami R HallacAlex A Kane
Dec 5, 2019·Scientific Reports·Rami R HallacAlex A Kane
Sep 25, 2020·The Cleft Palate-craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association·Louise ÖwallNuno V Hermann
Jan 13, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Giuseppe CurròGiuseppe Alessandro Scardina
Feb 24, 2021·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Aishwarya RamamurthiChristopher A Derderian
Jan 7, 2021·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Tareq Abdel-AlimGennady V Roshchupkin
May 12, 2021·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Alannah L PhelanJanice F Lalikos
Nov 7, 2020·The Cleft Palate-craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association·Mark Philip PresslerAlex A Kane

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