Quantitative comparison of wideband low-latency phase-locked loop circuit designs for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
Kazuki Miyata, T Fukuma

Abstract

A phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is the central component of frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM). However, its response speed is often insufficient, and limits the FM-AFM imaging speed. To overcome this issue, we propose a PLL design that enables high-speed FM-AFM. We discuss the main problems with the conventional PLL design and their possible solutions. In the conventional design, a low-pass filter with relatively high latency is used in the phase feedback loop, leading to a slow response of the PLL. In the proposed design, a phase detector with a low-latency high-pass filter is located outside the phase feedback loop, while a subtraction-based phase comparator with negligible latency is located inside the loop. This design minimizes the latency within the phase feedback loop and significantly improves the PLL response speed. In addition, we implemented PLLs with the conventional and proposed designs in the same field programmable gate array chip and quantitatively compared their performances. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed PLL is superior to that of the conventional PLL: 165 kHz bandwidth and 3.2 μs latency in water. Using this setup, we performed FM-AFM imaging of calcite dis...Continue Reading

References

Oct 11, 2001·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·T AndoA Toda
Jan 18, 2005·Nature Materials·Yoshiaki SugimotoSeizo Morita
Feb 28, 2007·Biophysical Journal·Takeshi FukumaSuzanne P Jarvis
Mar 3, 2007·Nature·Yoshiaki SugimotoOscar Custance
Oct 12, 2010·Nature·Noriyuki KoderaToshio Ando
Jan 29, 2013·ACS Nano·Shinichiro IdoHirofumi Yamada
Jul 16, 2016·Nature Communications·Daniel Martin-JimenezRicardo Garcia
Sep 8, 2010·Science and Technology of Advanced Materials·Takeshi Fukuma

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Citations

Aug 18, 2021·The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters·Kazuki MiyataTakeshi Fukuma

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
atomic force microscopy
imaging techniques
AFM
chip

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