Quantitative STEM normalisation: The importance of the electron flux

Ultramicroscopy
G T MartinezPeter D Nellist

Abstract

Annular dark-field (ADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has become widely used in quantitative studies based on the opportunity to directly compare experimental and simulated images. This comparison merely requires the experimental data to be normalised and expressed in units of 'fractional beam-current'. However, inhomogeneities in the response of electron detectors can complicate this normalisation. The quantification procedure becomes both experiment and instrument specific, requiring new simulations for the particular response of each instrument's detector, and for every camera-length used. This not only impedes the comparison between different instruments and research groups, but can also be computationally very time consuming. Furthermore, not all image simulation methods allow for the inclusion of an inhomogeneous detector response. In this work, we propose an alternative method for normalising experimental data in order to compare these with simulations that consider a homogeneous detector response. To achieve this, we determine the electron flux distribution reaching the detector by means of a camera-length series or a so-called atomic column cross-section averaged convergent beam electron diffraction...Continue Reading

References

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Jan 28, 2014·Micron : the International Research and Review Journal for Microscopy·G T MartinezS Van Aert

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Citations

Nov 23, 2016·Scientific Reports·Hiroshi AkamineMinoru Nishida
Jul 2, 2016·Physical Review Letters·Karel H W van den BosSandra Van Aert
Aug 19, 2018·Scientific Reports·Shunsuke YamashitaKoji Kimoto
Apr 24, 2021·Ultramicroscopy·Katherine E MacArthurRafal E Dunin-Borkowski
Aug 6, 2021·Ultramicroscopy·Jonathan J P Peters
Jul 10, 2018·The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces·Naomi WinckelmansSara Bals

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