Recent Findings in Onychomycosis and Their Application for Appropriate Treatment

Journal of Fungi
Michel Monod, Bruno Méhul

Abstract

Onychomycosis is mainly caused by two dermatophyte species, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. A study of nail invasion mechanisms revealed that the secreted subtilisin Sub6, which has never been detected under in vitro growth conditions, was the main protease secreted by T. rubrum and T. interdigitale during infection. In contrast, most of the proteases secreted during the digestion of keratin in vitro were not detected in infected nails. The hypothesis that proteases isolated from dermatophytes grown in a keratin medium are virulence factors is no longer supported. Non-dermatophyte fungi can also be infectious agents in nails. It is necessary to identify the infectious fungus in onychomycosis to prescribe adequate treatment, as moulds such as Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. are insensitive to standard treatments with terbinafine or itraconazole, which are usually applied for dermatophytes. In these refractory cases, topical amphotericin B treatment has shown to be effective. Terbinafine treatment failure against dermatophytes is also possible, and is usually due to resistance caused by a missense mutation in the squalene epoxidase enzyme targeted by the drug. Trichophyton resistance to terbinafine treatmen...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 30, 2020·PloS One·Aditya K GuptaKerry-Ann Nakrieko
Sep 7, 2019·Journal of Fungi·Anarosa B SprengerFlávio Queiroz-Telles
Mar 11, 2020·Frontiers in Microbiology·Tamires A BitencourtNilce M Martinez-Rossi
Sep 3, 2020·Journal of Fungi·Ioana Alina ColosiCarmen Costache
Oct 24, 2020·Journal of Fungi·Valeri SáenzAdriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
Oct 5, 2021·Infection and Immunity·Wisely ChuaHao Li

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
light microscopy
fluorescence microscopy
PCR
ELISA
scrapings

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