Reduction of graphene oxide alters its cyto-compatibility towards primary and immortalized macrophages

Nanoscale
Yakun WuSijin Liu

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives (e.g., reduced graphene oxide, RGO) have shown great promise in biomedicine. Although many studies have been conducted to understand the relative cyto-compatibility between GO and RGO materials, the results are inconclusive and controversial. In this study, we compared the biocompatibility aspects (e.g. cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory effects and impairment of cellular morphology) between parental and reduced GOs towards macrophages using primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and J774A.1 cell line. Two RGOs (RGO1 and RGO2) with differential reduction levels relative to the parental GO were prepared. Intriguingly, besides loss of oxygen-containing functional groups, significant morphological alteration of GO occurred, from the sheet-like structure to a polygonal curled shape for RGO, without significant aggregation in biological medium. Cytotoxicity assessment unveiled that the RGOs were more toxic than pristine GO to both types of cells. It was surprising to find for the first time (to our knowledge) that GO and RGOs elicited different effects on the morphological changes of BMDMs, as reflected by elongated protrusions from GO treatment and shortened protrusions from the RGOs. Fu...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 15, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Chengzhu LiaoSie Chin Tjong
Dec 15, 2019·Nanomaterials·Daniela Plachá, Josef Jampilek
May 24, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Ana María Díez-Pascual
Mar 25, 2021·Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes·Hazel LinAlberto Bianco
Apr 21, 2021·Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces·Tais Monteiro MagneRalph Santos-Oliveira
Jul 31, 2021·Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis·Muhammad Amir YunusRafeezul Mohamed

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
AFM
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
X-ray
electron microscopy
flow cytometry
ELISA

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