Refinement of a thermal threshold probe to prevent burns

Laboratory Animals
M J DixonJ C Murrell

Abstract

Thermal threshold testing is commonly used for pain research. The stimulus may cause burning and merits prevention. Thermal probe modifications hypothesized to reduce burning were evaluated for practicality and effect. Studies were conducted on two humans and eight cats. Unmodified probe 0 was tested on two humans and promising modifications were also evaluated on cats. Probe 1 incorporated rapid cooling after threshold was reached: probe 1a used a Peltier system and probe 1b used water cooling. Probe 2 released skin contact immediately after threshold. Probe 3 (developed in the light of evidence of 'hot spots' in probe 0) incorporated reduced thermal mass and even heating across the skin contact area. Human skin was heated to 48℃ (6℃ above threshold) and the resulting burn was evaluated using area of injury and a simple descriptive scale (SDS). Probe 1a cooled the skin but required further heat dissipation, excessive power, was not 'fail-safe' and was inappropriate for animal mounting. Probe 1b caused less damage than no cooling (27 ± 13 and 38 ± 11 mm(2) respectively, P = 0.0266; median SDS 1.5 and 4 respectively, P = 0.0317) but was cumbersome. Probe 2 was unwieldy and was not evaluated further. Probe 3 produced even heating...Continue Reading

References

Jun 22, 2002·Research in Veterinary Science·M J DixonP M Taylor
Sep 1, 2004·American Journal of Veterinary Research·B Duncan X Lascelles, Sheilah A Robertson
Oct 7, 2005·Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics·S A RobertsonJ W Sear
Nov 7, 2006·Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics·P V M SteagallT H Ferreira
May 11, 2007·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Paulo V M SteagallTatiana H Ferreira
Sep 4, 2007·Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery·Paulo V M SteagallMichael J Dixon
Mar 1, 2008·Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics·L S Slingsby, P M Taylor
Aug 5, 2008·Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery·Sheilah A RobertsonBenedict Duncan X Lascelles
Aug 12, 2008·The Veterinary Journal·Paulo V M SteagallStelio P L Luna
Nov 5, 2008·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Valerie M MilletteAlex J Livingston
Feb 26, 2009·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Johanna R ElfenbeinRichard Sams
Oct 20, 2009·Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery·Polly M TaylorKaren E Church
Jan 11, 2011·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Emma J LoveH R Whay
Nov 22, 2013·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Gabrielle C MuskPolly M Taylor
Mar 1, 2014·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Nicola J GrintJoanna C Murrell

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Citations

Sep 6, 2020·Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI·Polly Taylor
Sep 13, 2017·Scientific Reports·Emma BruntonKianoush Nazarpour
Dec 10, 2019·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Miguel Gozalo-MarcillaStijn Schauvliege
Apr 5, 2021·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Ignacio LizarragaJ Paul Chambers
Jul 31, 2021·PloS One·Anders Deichmann SpringborgMads Utke Werner
Oct 21, 2017·Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia·Miguel Gozalo-MarcillaPolly M Taylor

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