Relative contributions of voluntary apnoea, exposure to cold and face immersion in water to diving bradycardia in humans

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
N MarshC Reichman

Abstract

1. Diving or face immersion bradycardia is a well recognized but incompletely understood reflux which occurs in man and other mammals. 2. In order to investigate the contributions made by voluntary apnoea, face immersion in water and cold exposure, 18 normal subjects were exposed to these challenges separately and in various combination. 3. Tested individually, cold and apnoea caused significant reductions in heart beat (P < 0.01 and 0.002, respectively). Face immersion in thermoneutral water had no effect on heart rate. 4. The bradycardic effect of apnoea at maximal inspiration may be due to stimulation of pulmonary stretch receptors. 5. Cold exposure and voluntary apnoea applied simultaneously caused a summative effect but when tested with face immersion in water there was a synergistic response greater than the sum of individual responses. 6. The results confirm the bradycardic effect of apnoea and cold exposure, whereas immersion in thermoneutral water had little effect, a finding which has been disputed in the literature.

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Citations

Jun 2, 2007·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Erika SchagatayBodil Nielsen
Jul 4, 2013·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Guillaume CostalatFrederic Lemaitre
May 24, 2008·Acta Physiologica·J F ArgachaP van de Borne
Feb 4, 2010·Tidsskrift for den Norske lægeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny række·Ida Skrinde LerenJan P Amlie
Dec 20, 2007·Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology·Johan P A AnderssonErika K A Schagatay
Oct 28, 2003·Journal of Applied Physiology·Johan P A AnderssonErika K A Schagatay
Feb 19, 2011·Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine·Paolo AlboniLorella Gianfranchi
Apr 19, 2002·Journal of Applied Physiology·Kurt EspersenNiels J Christensen
May 10, 2008·Journal of Applied Physiology·Claudio MarabottiRemo Bedini
Aug 17, 2002·Journal of Applied Physiology·Johan P A AnderssonErika K A Schagatay
Feb 1, 2005·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·G E Foster, A W Sheel
Feb 1, 2005·Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine·Gino R SomersGlenn P Taylor

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