Retinal photoreceptor expresses toll-like receptors (TLRs) and elicits innate responses following TLR ligand and bacterial challenge

PloS One
Pawan K Singh, Ashok Kumar

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in host defense against microbial pathogens. Our previous studies have shown that TLRs are expressed on various retinal cells (Microglia and Müller glia) and orchestrate retinal innate responses in bacterial endophthalmitis. In this study, we used a well-characterized mouse cone photoreceptor cell line (661W); and demonstrated that these cells express all known TLRs. Although the stimulation of 661W cells with TLR ligands (Pam3Cys, PolyI:C, LPS, Flagellin, Poly DT, and ODN) did not alter TLR expression, downstream TLR-signaling pathways (NF-κB, p38, and ERK) are activated. Moreover, TLR-activated 661W cells secreted significant amounts of inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1β, MIP-2, and KC) in their culture supernatant, as assessed by ELISA. A similar trend was observed in 661W cells challenged with live bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Interestingly, the neutralization of TLR2, a major receptor for S. aureus recognition, did not significantly attenuate bacterial-induced inflammatory mediators, suggesting the existence of TLR2-independent mechanisms in photoreceptor cells. Together, these results indicate that photoreceptors constitutively express functional TLRs and possess the...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Jan 10, 2017·Experimental Eye Research·Shuang ZhuWenbo Zhang
Dec 29, 2016·Progress in Retinal and Eye Research·Eva M Del AmoArto Urtti
Jan 11, 2018·Pathogens·Richard J O'Callaghan
Dec 22, 2017·Scientific Reports·Raghavi SudharsanWilliam A Beltran
Sep 7, 2018·Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics·Adrian Will-OrregoStephen H Poor
Sep 2, 2018·Diabetes/metabolism Research and Reviews·Miji KimJesse Roth
Sep 12, 2018·Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy·John M GuestAshok Kumar
Aug 20, 2020·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·Ajay KumarAshok Kumar
Mar 3, 2020·Frontiers in Immunology·Md Huzzatul MursalinMichelle C Callegan

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
PCR
electrophoresis
protein assay
ELISA
nuclear translocation

Software Mentioned

image J

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