Retro- and prospection for mental time travel: emergence of episodic remembering and mental rotation in 5- to 8-year old children.

Consciousness and Cognition
Josef PernerMichael Rohwer

Abstract

We investigate the common development of children's ability to "look back in time" (retrospection, episodic remembering) and to "look into the future" (prospection). Experiment 1 with 59 children 5 to 8.5 years old showed mental rotation, as a measure of prospection, explaining specific variance of free recall, as a measure of episodic remembering (retrospection) when controlled for cued recall. Experiment 2 with 31 children from 5 to 6.5 years measured episodic remembering with recall of visually experienced events (seeing which picture was placed inside a box) when controlling for recall of indirectly conveyed events (being informed about the pictures placed inside the box by showing the pictures on a monitor). Quite unexpectedly rotators were markedly worse on indirect items than non-rotators. We speculate that with the ability to rotate children switch from knowledge retrieval to episodic remembering, which maintains success for experienced events but has detrimental effects for indirect information.

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Citations

Oct 3, 2012·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Ylva ØstbyAnders M Fjell
Dec 18, 2013·Journal of Experimental Child Psychology·Giovanna NigroMarina Cosenza
Jul 24, 2012·Consciousness and Cognition·Felipe De Brigard, Kelly S Giovanello
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Jan 5, 2021·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·Alexandra K Schnell, Nicola S Clayton

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