Risk factors for esophageal cancer: emphasis on infectious agents

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Hala El-ZimaityRobert Riddell

Abstract

Risk factors for esophageal cancer include genetic factors (such as tylosis) and infectious agents. A variety of organisms have been implicated in esophageal carcinogenesis, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we explore the normal esophageal flora and how it may be controlled, and also the variety of organisms that may affect esophageal carcinogenesis, either directly or indirectly. The organisms with potential direct effects in squamous cell carcinoma include human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus, and polyoma viruses. Interestingly, HPV is now implicated in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), not in its initiation but in the development of dysplasia, in which HPV33 in particular has been associated. Indirectly, Helicobacter pylori has been associated with EAC by, initially, causing increased acid secretion that increases acid reflux, and by reducing lower esophageal sphincter pressure, which increases gastroesophageal reflux; the latter increases the risk of Barrett's esophagus, and hence EAC. Conversely, subsequent atrophic gastritis may normalize that risk.

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Citations

Dec 21, 2018·Omics : a Journal of Integrative Biology·Kevin DzoboM Iqbal Parker
Jul 17, 2019·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·Jannis KountourasPanagiotis Katsinelos
Feb 21, 2019·Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine·Qingfa ChenXingtian Chen
Jul 18, 2021·Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology·Fausto PetrelliAndrea Celotti
Sep 11, 2021·Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie·Andreas TeufelMatthias Philip Ebert
Nov 9, 2021·Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment·Zhuanghua LiJun Jia

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