Risk factors for Japanese encephalitis: a case-control study

Epidemiology and Infection
W LiuZ Y Xu

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been found to be endemic in Bali, Indonesia. A case-control study was conducted to identify factors associated with JE infection. All 94 serologically confirmed JE cases (cases) and 163 cases of encephalitis or aseptic meningitis without JE (controls) identified in Bali during 2001-2004 were included in the study. Potential risk factors were surveyed at hospital admission. Univariate analyses revealed the following factors to be associated with JE: older age, referral from sub-district health centre or private hospital, playing outdoors after dinner, use of mosquito repellent or spraying, proximity of the residence to rice fields, and pig ownership by the family or next-door neighbours. Multivariate analysis identified proximity to rice fields (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.57-5.45), pig ownership (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.17-4.26), and older age (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.09-1.33) as being independently associated with the risk of JE. Because rice cultivation and pig rearing are essential to the economy of Bali, JE immunization is the best intervention for prevention of JE in Bali.

References

Jan 11, 1992·Epidemiologic Reviews·D W Vaughn, C H Hoke
Apr 1, 1989·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·B L InnisC H Hoke
May 1, 1988·Journal of Clinical Microbiology·X Y HanT F Tsai
Jun 1, 1985·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·D S BurkeS Chantavibul
Feb 1, 1996·Current Opinion in Pediatrics·M O'Meara, R Ouvrier
Aug 4, 1999·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Y C WuG R Wang
Feb 27, 2001·The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal·K ChokephaibulkitP Puthavathana
Jan 13, 2004·Advances in Virus Research·Scott B Halstead, Julie Jacobson
Sep 1, 2006·The New England Journal of Medicine·Tom Solomon

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Mar 4, 2014·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases·Melody TanPeter J Hotez
May 24, 2013·PloS One·Alexandra HiscoxSteve W Lindsay
Apr 3, 2012·Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology·Dennis TappeAugust Stich
Dec 8, 2016·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases·Julien CappelleVéronique Chevalier
Mar 25, 2015·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Anna L OkelloStuart D Blacksell
Aug 26, 2015·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·James V ConlanStuart D Blacksell
Jun 24, 2010·Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique·F Rodhain
Sep 19, 2019·Infection Ecology & Epidemiology·Thang Nguyen-TienJohanna Lindahl
Sep 22, 2019·Nature Communications·Hiral A ShahKris A Murray
Mar 17, 2017·Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics·Nagendra R Hegde, Milind M Gore
Aug 23, 2017·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Jun-Sang SunwooKon Chu
Feb 18, 2020·Frontiers in Veterinary Science·Heidi AuerswaldVéronique Chevalier
Jan 1, 2015·Veterinary World·Shristi Ghimire, Santosh Dhakal
Apr 27, 2021·International Journal for Parasitology. Parasites and Wildlife·Ajib DiptyanusaTri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.