Risk factors for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Drugs
G G Rao

Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic resistance is primarily due to excessive and often unnecessary use of antibiotics in humans and animals. Risk factors for the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals and the community can be summarised as over-crowding, lapses in hygiene or poor infection control practices. Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been exacerbated by the slow pace in developing newer antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria are spread primarily by direct or indirect person-to-person contact. Independent risk factors for MRSA include the use of broad spectrum antibiotics, the presence of decubitus ulcers and prosthetic devices while those for VRE include prolonged hospitalisation and treatment with glycopeptides or broad spectrum antibiotics. For the spread of resistant Gram-negative bacteria risk factors include urinary catheterisation, excessive use of antibiotics and contamination of humidifiers and nebulisers. The spread of penicillin-resistant pneumococci (PRP) and drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTb) is due to airborne transmission. Risk factors for the spread of PRP include o...Continue Reading

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