Role of calcium in the regulation of mechanical power in insect flight

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Shefa Gordon, M H Dickinson

Abstract

Most flying insect species use "asynchronous" indirect flight muscles (A-IFMs) that are specialized to generate high mechanical power at fast contraction frequencies. Unlike individual contractions of "synchronous" muscles, those of A-IFMs are not activated and deactivated in concert with neurogenically controlled cycling of myoplasmic [Ca(2+)] but rather are driven myogenically by oscillatory changes in length. The motor neurons of the A-IFMs, which fire at a rate much slower than contraction frequency, are thought to play the limited role of maintaining myoplasmic [Ca(2+)] above the critical threshold that maintains the muscle in a stretch-activatable state. Despite this asynchronous form of excitation-contraction coupling, animals can actively regulate power output as required for different flight behaviors, although the neurobiological and biophysical basis of this regulation is unknown. While presenting tethered flying fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, with visual stimuli, we recorded membrane potential spikes in identified A-IFM fibers. We show that mechanical power output rises and falls in concert with the firing frequency of all A-IFM fibers and cannot be explained by differential recruitment of separately innervat...Continue Reading

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