Salt intake, blood pressure and clinical outcomes

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
Nancy R Cook

Abstract

Salt intake has long been known to influence blood pressure among hypertensive patients, but its effect among those without overt hypertension, as well as its effects on cardiovascular disease itself, have been disputed. This report reviews the evidence for an effect on both blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, particularly among normotensive participants, including recent data from randomized trials. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension study provided clear evidence for a short-term effect of sodium on blood pressure among those with and without hypertension. Longer term trials among nonhypertensive particpants suggest more modest effects of lifestyle sodium reduction interventions on blood pressure. The recent Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study found that, despite small changes in blood pressure, the risk of cardiovascular disease was reduced by 25% among those in the sodium reduction intervention. A study of potassium salt substitution among Taiwanese veterans supports this finding. Sodium and potassium may act jointly in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Average sodium consumption in the US population is excessively high, and well above recommended limits. Because most s...Continue Reading

References

Aug 1, 1991·Journal of the American College of Nutrition·R D Mattes, D Donnelly
Sep 30, 1989·BMJ : British Medical Journal·R Misra, D C Anderson
Sep 30, 1989·BMJ : British Medical Journal·B E McParlandA J Campbell
Aug 20, 1987·The New England Journal of Medicine·D Salisbury
Jan 1, 1985·Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology·G MontesW Haenszel
May 1, 1985·Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation·A KaganK Yano
Jan 4, 1996·The New England Journal of Medicine·M J KlagJ Stamler
Apr 10, 1995·Archives of Internal Medicine·N R CookC H Hennekens
May 1, 1995·Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation·S SasakiH Kesteloot
Jun 1, 1995·Hypertension·N R CookC H Hennekens
Jul 1, 1994·Kidney International·C M MacicaN R Ferreri
Nov 6, 1993·BMJ : British Medical Journal·A J Knox
Mar 1, 1996·Hypertension·M F CallahanM Morris
Feb 1, 1997·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition·R D Mattes
Dec 11, 1999·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·J HeP K Whelton
Jan 4, 2001·The New England Journal of Medicine·F M SacksUNKNOWN DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group
Dec 19, 2001·Annals of Internal Medicine·W M VollmerUNKNOWN DASH-Sodium Trial Collaborative Research Group
Jan 17, 2002·The New England Journal of Medicine·R S VasanD Levy
May 1, 2002·International Journal of Epidemiology·Paul Elliott, Jeremiah Stamler
Dec 6, 2003·Hypertension·Aram V ChobanianUNKNOWN National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee
Mar 25, 2005·Physiological Reviews·Pierre MenetonGraham A MacGregor
Nov 3, 2005·Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine·Edward D Frohlich, Jasmina Varagic
Jan 4, 2006·American Journal of Preventive Medicine·Umed A AjaniGeorge A Mensah
Jan 26, 2006·Hypertension·Lawrence J AppelUNKNOWN American Heart Association
Jun 10, 2006·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition·Hsing-Yi ChangWen-Harn Pan
Oct 19, 2006·Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases·Heikki Karppanen, Eero Mervaala
May 15, 2007·The New England Journal of Medicine·Horacio J Adrogué, Nicolaos E Madias
Jul 25, 2007·Archives of Internal Medicine·Barry D DickinsonUNKNOWN Council on Science and Public Health, American Medical Association
Sep 29, 2007·European Journal of Epidemiology·Johanna M GeleijnseDiederick E Grobbee

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Jul 23, 2014·Clinical and Experimental Hypertension : CHE·Pavel SvitokMichal Zeman
Nov 5, 2011·The Journal of Clinical Hypertension·May E MontasserBraxton D Mitchell
Nov 22, 2014·The Journal of Clinical Hypertension·Norm R C CampbellGraham A MacGregor
Aug 23, 2011·Neurobiology of Aging·Alexandra J FioccoCarol E Greenwood
Oct 1, 2013·Topics in Clinical Nutrition·Maya N Clark-CutaiaMary Ann Sevick
Dec 9, 2008·British Journal of Nursing : BJN·Alison Anne Shepherd
Mar 1, 2017·The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging·T M RushL K McEvoy
Aug 25, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Grace X MaYin Tan

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Cardiovascular Disease Pathophysiology

Cardiovascular disease involves several different processes that contribute to the pathological mechanism, including hyperglycemia, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension and more. Vasculature stability plays a critical role in the development of the disease. Discover the latest research on cardiovascular disease pathophysiology here.