Sampling frequency, response times and embedded signal filtration in fast, high efficiency liquid chromatography: A tutorial

Analytica Chimica Acta
M Farooq WahabDaniel W Armstrong

Abstract

With increasingly efficient columns, eluite peaks are increasingly narrower. To take full advantage of this, choice of the detector response time and the data acquisition rate a.k.a. detector sampling frequency, have become increasingly important. In this work, we revisit the concept of data sampling from the theorem variously attributed to Whittaker, Nyquist, Kotelnikov, and Shannon. Focusing on time scales relevant to the current practice of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and optical absorbance detection (the most commonly used method), even for very narrow simulated peaks Fourier transformation shows that theoretical minimum sampling frequency is still relatively low (<10 Hz). However, this consideration alone may not be adequate for real chromatograms when an appreciable amount of noise is present. Further, depending on the instrument, the manufacturer's choice of a particular data bunching/integration/response time condition may be integrally coupled to the sampling frequency. In any case, the exact nature of signal filtration often occurs in a manner neither transparent to nor controllable by the user. Using fast chromatography on a state-of-the-art column (38,000 plates), we evaluate the responses produced...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 28, 2016·Journal of Chemical Education·James P GriniasRobert T Kennedy
Jul 28, 2016·Journal of Chromatography. a·Darshan C PatelZachary S Breitbach
Aug 17, 2016·Analytical Chemistry·M Farooq WahabDaniel W Armstrong
Sep 1, 2016·Journal of Chromatography. a·Yoachim VanderheydenGert Desmet
Mar 1, 2017·Analytical Chemistry·Akinde F KadjoKarsten G Kraiczek
Jun 2, 2017·Analytical Chemistry·Brian N StamosShin-Ichi Ohira
Feb 17, 2019·Journal of Separation Science·Shobhit MisraDaniel W Armstrong
Nov 23, 2016·Chemical Communications : Chem Comm·Chandan L BarhateErik L Regalado
Jan 30, 2020·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Garrett HellinghausenDaniel W Armstrong
Feb 29, 2020·Journal of Separation Science·Muhammad Farooq Wahab, Thomas C O'Haver
Jun 18, 2020·Journal of Separation Science·Jens E T AndersenIrene W Maina
Aug 17, 2020·Journal of Chromatography. a·Nicole M DevittMark R Schure
Feb 21, 2021·Analytica Chimica Acta·M Farooq WahabDaniel W Armstrong
Jun 12, 2018·Analytical Chemistry·Sebastian PallmannOliver Trapp
May 1, 2018·Analytical Chemistry·Tomas DrevinskasMihkel Kaljurand
Feb 14, 2018·Analytical Chemistry·Darshan C PatelDaniel W Armstrong
Nov 23, 2018·Analytical Chemistry·Weixiong HuangPurnendu K Dasgupta
Dec 29, 2017·Analytical Chemistry·Purnendu K DasguptaKarsten G Kraiczek
Oct 23, 2019·Analytical Chemistry·Alexander S KaplitzJames P Grinias
Nov 9, 2018·Analytical Chemistry·Valentina D'AtriDavy Guillarme

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