SARS-CoV-2 S1 is superior to the RBD as a COVID-19 subunit vaccine antigen

Journal of Medical Virology
Yunfei WangCunbao Liu

Abstract

Since its emergence in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global pandemic within a matter of months. While subunit vaccines are one of the prominent options for combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the immunogenicity of spike protein-based antigens remains unknown. When immunized in mice, the S1 domain induced much higher IgG and IgA antibody levels than the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and more efficiently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 when adjuvanted with alum. It is inferred that a large proportion of these neutralization epitopes are located in the S1 domain but outside the RBD and that some of these are spatial epitopes. This finding indicates that expression systems with posttranslational modification abilities are important to maintain the natural configurations of recombinant spike protein antigens and are critical for effective COVID-19 vaccines. Further, adjuvants prone to a Th1 response should be considered for S1-based subunit COVID-19 vaccines to reduce the potential risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection.

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Citations

Jun 28, 2021·Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society·Akbar HasanzadehMichael R Hamblin
Aug 25, 2021·The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases·Mehrdad MohammadiHamed Mirzaei
Oct 5, 2021·Advanced Healthcare Materials·Fernanda LangellottoDavid J Mooney
Oct 12, 2021·Expert Review of Vaccines·Daniel MekonnenTengchuan Jin
Oct 28, 2021·Journal of Applied Microbiology·Lirong BaoYan Li

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