Selective constraint acting on TLR2 and TLR4 genes of Japanese Rana frogs

PeerJ
Quintin LauYoko Satta

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important component of innate immunity, the first line of pathogen defence. One of the major roles of TLRs includes recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Amphibians are currently facing population declines and even extinction due to chytridiomycosis caused by the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) fungus. Evidence from other vertebrates shows that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in innate immunity against various fungi. Such genes therefore may play a functional role in amphibian-chytridiomycosis dynamics. Frogs from East Asia appear to be tolerant to Bd, so we examined the genetic diversity that underlies TLR2 and TLR4 from three Japanese Ranidae frog species, Rana japonica, R. ornativentris and R. tagoi tagoi (n = 5 per species). We isolated 27 TLR2 and 20 TLR4 alleles and found that these genes are evolutionarily conserved, with overall evidence supporting purifying selection. In contrast, site-by-site analysis of selection identified several specific codon sites under positive selection, some of which were located in the variable leucine rich repeat domains. In addition, preliminary expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 from transcriptome data showed overall low expression. Althou...Continue Reading

References

Mar 22, 2002·Nature Reviews. Immunology·R Medzhitov
Jan 14, 2003·Annual Review of Immunology·Kiyoshi TakedaShizuo Akira
May 6, 2003·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Irina SmirnovaBruce Beutler
Feb 3, 2005·Medical Mycology·Alexander RoederHans Christian Korting
Jun 25, 2005·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Jared C RoachAlan Aderem
Feb 1, 2007·Immunogenetics·Akihiro IshiiTsukasa Seya
May 8, 2007·Molecular Biology and Evolution·Ziheng Yang
Aug 13, 2008·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·David B Wake, Vance T Vredenburg
Mar 4, 2010·Genome Biology·Mark D Robinson, Alicia Oshlack
Apr 23, 2010·Molecular Biology and Evolution·Gabriela Wlasiuk, Michael W Nachman
Apr 30, 2011·BMC Bioinformatics·Marcus LechnerSonja J Prohaska
Aug 15, 2013·DNA Research : an International Journal for Rapid Publication of Reports on Genes and Genomes·Feng ZhaoYun Zhang
Oct 11, 2014·Nucleic Acids Research·Ivica LetunicPeer Bork
Dec 7, 2014·Genome Biology and Evolution·Wiesław BabikPiotr Zieliński
Mar 4, 2015·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Yan-Bo SunYa-Ping Zhang
Mar 19, 2015·Immunologic Research·Mamoona Noreen, Muhammad Arshad
Jan 8, 2016·Scientific Reports·Carlos G P VoogdtJos P M van Putten
Mar 24, 2016·Molecular Biology and Evolution·Sudhir KumarKoichiro Tamura
Oct 14, 2017·Molecular Biology and Evolution·Julio RozasAlejandro Sánchez-Gracia
Jan 3, 2018·International Journal of Biological Macromolecules·Shuai ShangHonghai Zhang

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Sep 13, 2018·International Reviews of Immunology·Masoumeh Bagheri, Azadeh Zahmatkesh
Jan 16, 2020·Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI·Quintin LauYoko Satta
Jan 30, 2019·Frontiers in Immunology·Joseph F A VargaBarbara A Katzenback
Oct 28, 2021·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Aymam C de FigueiredoFernando R Gomes

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Datasets Mentioned

BETA
MG999527
SRP051787
MH165314

Methods Mentioned

BETA
PCR

Key Resources (RRID) Mentioned

SCR_003280

Software Mentioned

Proteinortho
DnaSP
PhyloTreePruner
SMART
custom script
CODEML
omegaMap
BLAST
RSEM
PAML

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.