Self-interaction of NPM1 modulates multiple mechanisms of liquid-liquid phase separation

Nature Communications
Diana M MitreaRichard W Kriwacki

Abstract

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is an abundant, oligomeric protein in the granular component of the nucleolus with roles in ribosome biogenesis. Pentameric NPM1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via heterotypic interactions with nucleolar components, including ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins which display multivalent arginine-rich linear motifs (R-motifs), and is integral to the liquid-like nucleolar matrix. Here we show that NPM1 can also undergo LLPS via homotypic interactions between its polyampholytic intrinsically disordered regions, a mechanism that opposes LLPS via heterotypic interactions. Using a combination of biophysical techniques, including confocal microscopy, SAXS, analytical ultracentrifugation, and single-molecule fluorescence, we describe how conformational changes within NPM1 control valency and switching between the different LLPS mechanisms. We propose that this newly discovered interplay between multiple LLPS mechanisms may influence the direction of vectorial pre-ribosomal particle assembly within, and exit from the nucleolus as part of the ribosome biogenesis process.

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
Confocal microscopy
NMR
X-ray
FRET
fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
protein folding
Fluorescence
dynamic light scattering

Software Mentioned

Primus
VMD
GNOM
ATSAS
CIDER
SlideBook
OriginPro
psfgen
NAMD
Topspin

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