SEM with Missing Data and Unknown Population Distributions Using Two-Stage ML: Theory and Its Application

Multivariate Behavioral Research
Ke-Hai Yuan, Laura Lu

Abstract

This article provides the theory and application of the 2-stage maximum likelihood (ML) procedure for structural equation modeling (SEM) with missing data. The validity of this procedure does not require the assumption of a normally distributed population. When the population is normally distributed and all missing data are missing at random (MAR), the direct ML procedure is nearly optimal for SEM with missing data. When missing data mechanisms are unknown, including auxiliary variables in the analysis will make the missing data mechanism more likely to be MAR. It is much easier to include auxiliary variables in the 2-stage ML than in the direct ML. Based on most recent developments for missing data with an unknown population distribution, the article first provides the least technical material on why the normal distribution-based ML generates consistent parameter estimates when the missing data mechanism is MAR. The article also provides sufficient conditions for the 2-stage ML to be a valid statistical procedure in the general case. For the application of the 2-stage ML, an SAS IML program is given to perform the first-stage analysis and EQS codes are provided to perform the second-stage analysis. An example with open- and cl...Continue Reading

References

Sep 1, 1992·Psychological Bulletin·L T HuY Kano
Jan 1, 1988·Statistics in Medicine·N M Laird
May 1, 1984·The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology·M W Browne
Dec 17, 1998·The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology·K H Yuan, P M Bentler
Oct 1, 1998·Multivariate Behavioral Research·J L Schafer, M K Olsen
Apr 1, 1999·Multivariate Behavioral Research·P M Bentler, K H Yuan

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Citations

Jul 3, 2019·Multivariate Behavioral Research·Laura K TaylorScott E Maxwell
Dec 26, 2017·Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics : a Quarterly Publication Sponsored by the American Educational Research Association and the American Statistical Association·Victoria Savalei, Mijke Rhemtulla
Apr 26, 2020·Behavior Research Methods·Lihan ChenMijke Rhemtulla

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Software Mentioned

sas
EQS
MNAR
SEM
SAS IML
TwosML
lst
Mplus

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