Serologic Detection of Subtype-specific Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)

Journal of Wildlife Diseases
Alyssa M CapuanoWalter M Boyce

Abstract

There are approximately 3,000 southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) in the nearshore environment along the California coast, US, and the species is classified as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act. We tested sera from 661 necropsied southern sea otters sampled from 1997 to 2015 to determine overall exposure to influenza A viruses (IAVs) and to identify subtype-specific antibody responses. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibodies to IAV nucleoproteins were detected in 160 (24.2%) otters, with seropositive animals found in every year except 2008. When the ELISA-positive samples were tested by virus microneutralization, antibody responses were detected to avian-origin hemagglutinin subtypes H1, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H9, and H11. Strong antibody responses to pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) were also detected, indicating that epizootic transmission of pdmH1N1 occurred among the southern sea otter population after the emergence of this human-origin virus in 2009. We conclude that southern sea otters are susceptible to infection with avian and human-origin IAV and that exposure to a wide array of subtypes likely occurs during a given otter's 10- to 15-yr life span. Important unanswered questions include what...Continue Reading

References

Sep 13, 2011·Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc·Camille LebarbenchonDavid E Stallknecht
Apr 23, 2014·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Zhu-Nan LiJacqueline M Katz
Jun 1, 2013·Emerging Microbes & Infections·Walter M BoyceBrent S Stewart
Feb 13, 2016·Frontiers in Microbiology·Ding Y Oh, Aeron C Hurt
Aug 4, 2016·Emerging Microbes & Infections·Wendy Blay PuryearJonathan Runstadler

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Citations

Dec 25, 2019·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine·Silvia Carnaccini, Daniel R Perez
Jul 10, 2019·Viruses·T Homas P PeacockMunir Iqbal
Oct 24, 2019·Pathogens·Shirin StrohmeierFlorian Krammer
Aug 20, 2021·Journal of Wildlife Diseases·Lena N Measures, Ron A M Fouchier

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ELISA

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