Sex difference in open-water swimming-The Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming 1875-2017

PloS One
Pantelis T NikolaidisBeat Knechtle

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare swimming performances of successful finishers of the 'Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming' from 1875 to 2017, assessing the effects of sex, the place of event and the nationality of swimmers. Data from 535 finishers in 'Catalina Channel Swim', 1,606 finishers in 'English Channel Swim' and 774 finishers in 'Manhattan Island Marathon Swim' were analysed. We performed different analyses and regression model fittings for all swimmers and annual top-5 finishers. Effects (sex, event, time, nationality) and interaction terms (event-time) were examined through a multi-variable spline mixed regression model. Considering all swimmers, we found that (i) women were approximately 0.06 km/h faster than men (p = 0.011) and (ii) Australians were 0.13 km/h faster than Americans (p = 0.004) and Americans were 0.19 km/h faster than British (p<0.001) and 0.21 km/h faster than Canadians (p = 0.015). When considering annual top-5 finishers, we found that (i) women were 0.07 km/h slower than men (p = 0.042) and (ii) Australians were not faster than Americans (p = 0.149) but Americans were 0.21 km/h faster than British (p<0.001). Our findings improved the knowledge about swim performances over time, in the t...Continue Reading

References

Feb 1, 1997·Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise·J BamS C Dennis
May 7, 1999·Clinics in Sports Medicine·D F Gerrard
Apr 6, 2004·Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquée·J Richard CoastBrian A Wilson
May 27, 2004·Journal of Sports Sciences·Cassie B TrewinDavid B Pyne
Sep 17, 2004·Journal of Sports Sciences·David PyneWilliam Hopkins
Jun 25, 2005·British Journal of Sports Medicine·R BenekeM Doppelmayr
Jun 30, 2012·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research·Evelyn EichenbergerOliver Senn
Jul 27, 2012·Journal of Sports Sciences·Evelyn EichenbergerRomuald Lepers
Nov 6, 2012·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·G FischerT Rosemann
Jan 3, 2014·Extreme Physiology & Medicine·Matthias Alexander ZinggBeat Knechtle
Jan 31, 2014·Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquée, Nutrition Et Métabolisme·Christoph A RüstRomuald Lepers
Mar 4, 2014·International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance·Beat KnechtleChristoph Alexander Rüst
Apr 17, 2014·BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation·Philippe DählerBeat Knechtle
Sep 12, 2014·BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation·Beat KnechtleChristoph Alexander Rüst
Jul 17, 2015·SpringerPlus·Beat KnechtleChristoph Alexander Rüst

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Nov 13, 2019·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·Caio Victor SousaBeat Knechtle
Mar 4, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Caio Victor SousaBeat Knechtle
May 28, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Beat KnechtlePantelis Theo Nikolaidis
Jul 3, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Caio Victor SousaBeat Knechtle
Apr 1, 2020·JBJS Reviews·Ashley J BassettMeghan E Bishop
Apr 12, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Beat KnechtlePantelis Theo Nikolaidis
Mar 23, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Lucas Pinheiro BarbosaBeat Knechtle
Jul 3, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Beat KnechtleCaio Victor Sousa
Jul 25, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Aldo SeffrinMarilia S Andrade

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Software Mentioned

R
R Core Team

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

SpringerPlus
Beat KnechtleChristoph Alexander Rüst
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Beat KnechtleChristoph Alexander Rüst
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
G FischerThomas Rosemann
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
Filippo MacalusoValentina Di Felice
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved