Sex differences in personality traits and gender-related occupational preferences across 53 nations: testing evolutionary and social-environmental theories

Archives of Sexual Behavior
Richard A Lippa

Abstract

Using data from over 200,000 participants from 53 nations, I examined the cross-cultural consistency of sex differences for four traits: extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and male-versus-female-typical occupational preferences. Across nations, men and women differed significantly on all four traits (mean ds = -.15, -.56, -.41, and 1.40, respectively, with negative values indicating women scoring higher). The strongest evidence for sex differences in SDs was for extraversion (women more variable) and for agreeableness (men more variable). United Nations indices of gender equality and economic development were associated with larger sex differences in agreeableness, but not with sex differences in other traits. Gender equality and economic development were negatively associated with mean national levels of neuroticism, suggesting that economic stress was associated with higher neuroticism. Regression analyses explored the power of sex, gender equality, and their interaction to predict men's and women's 106 national trait means for each of the four traits. Only sex predicted means for all four traits, and sex predicted trait means much more strongly than did gender equality or the interaction between sex and gender equalit...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 10, 2009·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Brendan P ZietschNicholas G Martin
Nov 17, 2010·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Lijun ZhengYong Zheng
Sep 3, 2011·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Carol C WeisfeldJiliang Shen
May 27, 2011·Nature Neuroscience·Margaret M McCarthy, Arthur P Arnold
Jul 15, 2011·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Ashley E Thompson, Lucia F O'Sullivan
Jun 16, 2012·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Robert O Deaner
Mar 8, 2016·Twin Research and Human Genetics : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies·Karin J H VerweijGuy Madison
Dec 1, 2015·Frontiers in Psychology·John G Vongas, Raghid Al Hajj
Jul 15, 2015·The Spanish Journal of Psychology·Margarita Ortiz-TalloPablo Santamaría
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Feb 27, 2014·Journal of American College Health : J of ACH·Samantha J LookatchElizabeth C Katz
Mar 23, 2017·The Behavioral and Brain Sciences·Guy MadisonCharlotta Stern
Apr 6, 2017·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Ashlyn Swift-GallantDoug P VanderLaan
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Jul 9, 2020·Scientific Reports·Leopold Maria Lautenbacher, Levent Neyse
Aug 14, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Cezary KuśnierzIuliia Pavlova
Jan 5, 2017·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Francisco R GómezPaul L Vasey
Mar 20, 2018·Archives of Sexual Behavior·Joyce J EndendijkJudi Mesman
Mar 21, 2019·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·John Archer
Feb 26, 2020·Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking·Sigal Tifferet
Nov 9, 2018·Frontiers in Psychology·Elli OksmanLiisa Keltikangas-Järvinen
Apr 7, 2021·Journal of Sex Research·Ashlyn Swift-GallantDoug P VanderLaan
Aug 7, 2021·Frontiers in Psychology·Amber Gayle ThalmayerSylvanus Job
Oct 10, 2021·Human Nature : an Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective·Francisco R Gómez JiménezPaul L Vasey

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