Sex differences in variability in personality: a study in four samples

Journal of Personality
P BorkenauJüri Allik

Abstract

Men vary more than women in cognitive abilities and physical attributes, and we expected that men would vary more in personality too. That this has not been found previously may reflect that (a) personality was measured by self-reports that confound target sex with informant sex, and (b) men actually vary more but accentuate personality differences less than women. We analyzed informant reports and self-reports on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R or NEO PI-3) collected for two community and two student samples from four countries: Czech Republic (N = 714; age M = 36.1, SD = 14.1; 58% women), Estonia (N = 1,685; age M = 42.6, SD = 13.4; 58% women), Belgium (N = 345; age M = 18.4, SD = 3.0; 78% women), and Germany (N = 302; age M = 23.4, SD = 2.7; 56% women). Higher male than female variability was found in each sample for informant reports of Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Men but not women were overrepresented in both tails of the distributions of several personality traits. According to liability-threshold models of mental disorders, this may contribute to men's overrepresentation in some kinds of deviant groups.

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Citations

Apr 6, 2013·Journal of Research in Personality·Peter BorkenauAntonio Terracciano
Jun 25, 2015·Frontiers in Psychology·Jüri AllikAnu Realo
Aug 9, 2013·Journal of Personality Assessment·Robert R McCrae
Jun 14, 2019·The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology·Jiin-Huarng Guo, Wei-Ming Luh
Jul 13, 2021·Scandinavian Journal of Psychology·Morten NordmoMonica Martinussen

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