Sex-related differences in the development of fetal heart rate dynamics

Early Human Development
Kyu Nam KimJeong-Kyu Hoh

Abstract

Despite previous efforts to explain the general advantages of female fetuses over males regarding health, sex-related differences in the dynamics or complexity of fetal heart rate (FHR) variability and FHR maturation patterns have not yet been identified. To make linear and nonlinear comparisons of antepartum FHR indices, dynamics, complexity, and reactivity to the non-stress test (NST) and vibroacoustic-stimulation test (VAST) in male and female fetuses. A total of 3835 singleton term deliveries without maternal and fetal complications were divided into female (n=1849) and male (n=1986) groups, and subjected to comparison and analyses. Linear FHR indices, approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), short-term/long-term exponents (α1/α2), correlation dimension (CD), NST and VAST criteria, and modified nonlinear reactive criteria (MNRC) were used to evaluate outcomes. ApEn was consistently higher in female fetuses than in male ones. ApEn in female fetuses was maximal at 29-30 gestational weeks, while the increase in ApEn was delayed in male fetuses but more rapid, reaching its peak at 31-32 gestational weeks. In both sexes, CD increased up to term, and α2 rapidly decreased up to 31-32weeks in an analogous manner. The tw...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 10, 2018·Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica·Amar Bhide, Ganesh Acharya
Aug 24, 2017·Developmental Psychobiology·Hernâni GonçalvesJoão Bernardes
May 28, 2019·Developmental Psychobiology·Julia H ZavalaWilliam P Fifer
Jul 5, 2017·Frontiers in Pediatrics·Mohammed Al-Qaraghouli, Yu Ming Victor Fang
Apr 20, 2018·Biology of Sex Differences·Christian WidnesGanesh Acharya
Dec 9, 2020·Entropy·João Monteiro-SantosCristina Costa-Santos

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