PMID: 18406680Jan 1, 1995Paper

Sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in birds

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism : TEM
J Balthazart, G F Ball

Abstract

It is currently accepted that most sex differences in brain and behavior do not result from direct genomic actions, but develop following early exposure to a sexually differentiated endocrine milieu. In Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), in contrast to rodents, the male reproductive phenotype appears to develop in the absence of endocrine influence, and estradiol secreted by the ovary of the female embryo is responsible for the physiologic demasculinization of females. In zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), estrogens administered early in life demasculinize copulatory behavior in males, but masculinize the vocal control regions in the brain and singing behavior of females. It is difficult to understand how these behaviors differentiate given that normal untreated males sing and copulate in a male-typical manner, whereas females never show these behaviors. All attempts to resolve this paradox with experiments based on the rodent model of sexual differentiation have been unsuccessful. We propose that copulatory behavior in zebra finches is differentiated in a manner similar to what has been described in quail, but that novel approaches need to be considered to understand the differentiation of the telencephalic song control sys...Continue Reading

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Citations

Oct 24, 2006·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Sandrine BiauBenoit Roig
Feb 22, 2012·Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology·Kristal E Cain, Ellen D Ketterson
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Aug 1, 2020·Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews·Gregory F Ball, Jacques Balthazart
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