PMID: 9167819May 1, 1997Paper

Shoulder muscle firing patterns during the windmill softball pitch

The American Journal of Sports Medicine
M W MaffetW Mathiyakom

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to describe the activity of eight shoulder muscles during the windmill fast-pitch softball throw. Ten collegiate female pitchers were analyzed with intramuscular electromyography, high-speed cinematography, and motion analysis. The supraspinatus muscle fired maximally during arm elevation from the 6 to 3 o'clock position phase, centralizing the humeral head within the glenoid. The posterior deltoid and teres minor muscles acted maximally from the 3 to 12 o'clock position phase to continue arm elevation and externally rotate the humerus. The pectoralis major muscle accelerated the arm from the 12 o'clock position to ball release phase. The serratus anterior muscle characteristically acted to position the scapula for optimal glenohumeral congruency, and the subscapularis muscle functioned as an internal rotator and to protect the anterior capsule. Although the windmill softball pitch is overtly different from the baseball pitch, several surprising similarities were revealed. The serratus anterior and pectoralis major muscles work in synchrony and seem to have similar functions in both pitches. Although the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles are both posterior cuff muscles, they are characteristica...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 1, 2011·Sports Health·Brendan T HigginsEdward G McFarland
Feb 12, 2011·Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise·Elizabeth D BogenschutzStuart J Warden
Aug 13, 2010·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research·Gretchen D Oliver, David W Keeley
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Sep 3, 2021·Journal of Sport Rehabilitation·Lucas EttingerAndrew Karduna
Nov 16, 2021·The American Journal of Sports Medicine·Kenzie B FriesenGretchen D Oliver

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