Sleepiness is not the inverse of alertness: evidence from four sleep disorder patient groups.

Experimental Brain Research
Henry J MollerColin M Shapiro

Abstract

The constructs "sleepiness" and "alertness" are often assumed to be reciprocal states of consciousness. This distinction is of increasing concern in relation to psychomotor performance tasks such as driving. We developed two separate subjective scales of alertness to complement existing sleepiness scales. Subjective sleepiness and alertness were compared in four groups of sleep-disordered patients. In a 175-patient cohort [25 narcoleptics and 50 each with sleep apnea, insomnia and periodic leg movement disorder (PLMD)], the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to measure sleepiness while the Toronto Hospital Alertness Test (THAT) and ZOGIM Alertness Scale (ZOGIM-A) were used to measure alertness. Significant differences existed for sleepiness scores, with narcoleptics scoring highest on the ESS, followed by sleep apnea, with similar ESS scores for insomnia and PLMD. By contrast, alertness scores on both the THAT and ZOGIM-A did not differ significantly between the four groups. Sleepiness scores show a correlation of close to nil to alertness scores for the combined sleep disorder patient cohort, with the exception of insomnia patients, where a modest but significant inverse relationship was noted between sleepiness and alert...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 11, 2007·Cognitive Neuropsychology·Christina SchmidtPhilippe Peigneux
Dec 8, 2009·Sleep Medicine Reviews·Julia A ShekletonShantha M W Rajaratnam
Dec 7, 2007·Journal of Psychosomatic Research·Balaji Yegneswaran, Colin Shapiro
May 30, 2006·Journal of Psychosomatic Research·Colin M ShapiroGerald M Devins
Aug 19, 2015·Frontiers in Psychology·Jakub Jonkisz
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Sep 14, 2020·Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis·Wen-Chin LiGraham Braithwaite
Nov 7, 2019·Nature Communications·Emily B J CoffeyNina Kraus
Nov 15, 2018·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience·Nicolette B MogileverEmily B J Coffey
Feb 18, 2017·Frontiers in Psychiatry·Colin ShapiroValérie Olivier
Feb 8, 2021·Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice·Ahmad Nasiri, Masoomeh Mo'tamed Boroomand
May 23, 2021·Sleep Medicine·Mojca K M van SchieJ Gert van Dijk
Jul 13, 2021·Sleep Advances : a Journal of the Sleep Research Society·Renske Lok, Jamie M Zeitzer
Jul 27, 2021·Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine·Monica R KellyJennifer L Martin

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