Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for urothelial cancer (UC) development. However, the associations between smoking and changes in the pathological characteristics and molecular expression of cancer-related molecules in upper tract (UT) UC have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the associations between smoking status and cancer-related factors, including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and -C, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, in patients with UTUC. A total of 134 patients who underwent nephroureterectomy were retrospectively investigated. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were measured using anti-Ki-67, anti-CD105 and anti-D2-40 antibodies in formalin-fixed specimens. The apoptotic index was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. Other cancer-related molecules were investigated by immunohistochemistry in similar specimens. The patients were divided into three groups; non-smoker (n=54, 40.3%), former smoker (n=46, 34.3%) and current smoker (n=34,...Continue Reading
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