Smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies with investigation of potential effect modifiers

PloS One
Guochao ZhongYong Zhao

Abstract

Previous studies showed inconsistent results on the association of smoking with all-cause dementia and vascular dementia (VaD), and are limited by inclusion of a small number of studies and unexplained heterogeneity. Our review aimed to assess the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and VaD associated with smoking, and to identify potential effect modifiers. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Psychinfo databases were searched to identify studies that provided risk estimates on smoking and incidence of dementia. A random-effects model was used to yield pooled results. Thirty-seven studies were included. Compared with never smokers, current smokers showed an increased risk of all-cause dementia (risk ratio (RR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.45), AD (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.13-1.73) and VaD (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.15-1.66). For all-cause dementia, the risk increased by 34% for every 20 cigarettes per day (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.25-1.43). Former smokers did not show an increased risk of all-cause dementia (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.96-1.06), AD (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96-1.13) and VaD (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.83-1.13). Subgroup analyses indicated that (1) the significantly increased risk of AD from current smoking was seen only in ...Continue Reading

References

Feb 15, 1992·American Journal of Epidemiology·L E HebertD A Evans
Jan 1, 1987·Epidemiologic Reviews·S Greenland
Nov 1, 1994·Annals of Epidemiology·L LetenneurJ M Orgogozo
Oct 6, 1997·BMJ : British Medical Journal·M EggerC Minder
Dec 4, 1997·The New England Journal of Medicine·T ErkinjunttiV Hachinski
Sep 25, 1998·Neurology·A F Jorm, D Jolley
May 5, 1999·Neurology·C MerchantR Mayeux
Apr 25, 2000·BMJ : British Medical Journal·R DollI Sutherland
Jun 21, 2001·International Journal of Epidemiology·S L TyasP R Montgomery
Feb 2, 2002·Journal of Health Services Research & Policy·Julian HigginsDouglas Altman
Aug 28, 2002·American Journal of Epidemiology·Joan LindsayIan McDowell
Apr 26, 2003·Neurobiology of Aging·Suzanne L TyasLenore J Launer
Aug 16, 2003·Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases·Anne Burke, Garret A Fitzgerald
Sep 6, 2003·BMJ : British Medical Journal·Julian P T HigginsDouglas G Altman
Nov 19, 2003·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Danielle LaurinBruce J Holub
Jan 28, 2004·Neurology·S D MoffatS M Resnick
Apr 6, 2004·European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies·D JuanM Chen
May 7, 2004·American Journal of Epidemiology·Danielle LaurinLenore J Launer
May 18, 2004·Journal of the American College of Cardiology·John A Ambrose, Rajat S Barua
Feb 16, 2005·Archives of Internal Medicine·Annika RosengrenLars Wilhelmsen
Mar 8, 2005·Neurobiology of Aging·Antonio CherubiniLuigi Ferrucci
May 3, 2005·BMJ : British Medical Journal·Rachel A WhitmerKristine Yaffe
Aug 20, 2005·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·Anne B NewmanLewis H Kuller
Jan 25, 2006·American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation·Carmine ZoccaliFrancesca Mallamaci
Jun 19, 2007·American Journal of Epidemiology·Kaarin J AnsteyRichard O'Kearney
Aug 24, 2007·Statistical Methods in Medical Research·Vanessa Didelez, Nuala Sheehan
Oct 31, 2007·Circulation·Danielle LaurinLenore J Launer
Mar 6, 2008·Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine·Miia KivipeltoAulikki Nissinen
Apr 17, 2008·Epidemiology·Miguel A HernánGiancarlo Logroscino
Oct 7, 2008·American Journal of Epidemiology·May A BeydounAlan B Zonderman
Dec 20, 2008·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·Anna K DahlSirkka-Liisa Kivelä
Dec 25, 2008·BMC Geriatrics·Ruth PetersChris Bulpitt
May 29, 2009·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition·Edeltraut KrögerDanielle Laurin
Jun 10, 2009·International Journal of Obesity : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity·L B HassingB Johansson
Jul 23, 2009·BMJ : British Medical Journal·David MoherUNKNOWN PRISMA Group
Aug 13, 2009·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Nikolaos ScarmeasYaakov Stern

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Jun 6, 2015·Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association·Matthew BaumgartHarry Johns
Mar 17, 2016·Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS·Hans O Kalkman, Dominik Feuerbach
Oct 13, 2016·Journal of Applied Gerontology : the Official Journal of the Southern Gerontological Society·Karen I Fredriksen-GoldsenJayn Goldsen
Feb 9, 2017·Sociology of Health & Illness·Ian Rees Jones
Sep 7, 2016·British Journal of Community Nursing·Adele Phillips
Apr 6, 2017·BMJ Open·Linda J Cobiac, Peter Scarborough
Feb 14, 2019·Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy·Elise F NassifYoulia M Kirova
Jul 16, 2019·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Ilianna LouridaDavid J Llewellyn
Sep 15, 2019·Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association·Caleb E Finch, Alexander M Kulminski
May 9, 2019·Alzheimer's & Dementia : Translational Research & Clinical Interventions·Saima BasitHeather A Boyd
Nov 2, 2019·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·Jennifer A DealA Richey Sharrett
Nov 13, 2019·Neurology·Jessica W LoUNKNOWN Stroke and Cognition (STROKOG) Collaboration
Feb 16, 2020·European Journal of Epidemiology·Yukai LuIchiro Tsuji
Jan 23, 2020·Practical Neurology·Jane AltyKatherine Lawler
Sep 5, 2020·Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association·Pyry N SipiläMika Kivimäki
Sep 7, 2016·Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association·Vanesa BellouEvangelos Evangelou
Sep 6, 2018·Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie·Dirk K Wolter
Aug 22, 2018·BMC Geriatrics·N LegdeurP J Visser
Sep 13, 2019·Aging & Mental Health·Leonardo J OtuyamaCleusa P Ferri
Jul 1, 2017·The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences·Snorri Bjorn RafnssonAndrew Steptoe
Jul 25, 2018·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Abdulla WatadHoward Amital
Sep 27, 2018·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology·Felix S Hussenoeder, Steffi G Riedel-Heller
Jul 19, 2018·Scientific Reports·Yuhui Lin
Oct 7, 2018·Nature Reviews. Neurology·Miia KivipeltoTiia Ngandu
Jun 4, 2019·Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism·Shuangling XiuPiu Chan
Aug 11, 2019·Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source·Francesco CerzaGiulia Cesaroni
Aug 6, 2019·Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience·Gerd Kempermann
Feb 8, 2020·Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Joshua C GrayRohan Palmer
Jun 4, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Sabrina Rahman Archie, Luca Cucullo
Feb 19, 2019·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Alberto Serrano-Pozo, John H Growdon
Oct 16, 2018·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Susanna C Larsson, Alicja Wolk

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Software Mentioned

STATA

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Alzheimer's Disease: APOE

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphic alleles are major genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Discover the latest research on APOE and other genetic determinants of Alzheimer's disease here.

ApoE Phenotypes

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a protein involved in fat metabolism and associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. Here is the latest research on APOE phenotypes.

Cardiovascular Disease Pathophysiology

Cardiovascular disease involves several different processes that contribute to the pathological mechanism, including hyperglycemia, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension and more. Vasculature stability plays a critical role in the development of the disease. Discover the latest research on cardiovascular disease pathophysiology here.