Soil-transmitted helminth infections associated with wastewater and sludge reuse: a review of current evidence

Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH
Isaac Dennis AmoahThor Axel Stenström

Abstract

To review current evidence on infections related to the concentration of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs in wastewater, sludge and vegetables irrigated with wastewater or grown on sludge-amended soils. Search of Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar databases for publications reporting on STH egg concentration in wastewater, sludge and vegetables and for epidemiological studies on wastewater/sludge reuse and STH infections. STH egg concentrations were variable but high in wastewater and sludge especially in developing countries. They ranged from 6 to 16 000 eggs/L in wastewater and from 0 to 23 000 eggs/g in sludge and far exceed limits set in the WHO guideline for wastewater/sludge reuse. Numbers of STH eggs on vegetables ranged from 0 to 100 eggs/g. The concentration of STH eggs in wastewater, sludge and vegetables therefore relates to risks of infection through different exposure routes. Epidemiological evidence reveals an increased prevalence of STH infections associated with direct exposure to wastewater or sludge (farmers) and consumption of vegetables grown on soil treated with it. This calls for increased efforts to reduce the adverse health impact of wastewater and sludge reuse in line with the...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 22, 2020·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases·Laura BraunMichael R Templeton
Sep 7, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Malgorzata Siwek, Thomas Edgecock
Jun 23, 2020·International Journal of Microbiology·Gadafi Iddrisu BalaliPriscilla Adjei-Kusi
Jul 6, 2021·Frontiers in Veterinary Science·Everton André de OliveiraVamilton Alvares Santarém
Aug 12, 2021·Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine·Sumeeta KhuranaAbhishek Mewara

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urine diversion

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