Solid phase extraction and metabolic profiling of exudates from living copepods

PeerJ
Erik SelanderThomas Kiørboe

Abstract

Copepods are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. They exude bioactive compounds that mediate mate finding or induce defensive traits in prey organisms. However, little is known about the chemical nature of the copepod exometabolome that contributes to the chemical landscape in pelagic habitats. Here we describe the development of a closed loop solid phase extraction setup that allows for extraction of exuded metabolites from live copepods. We captured exudates from male and female Temora longicornis and analyzed the content with high resolution LC-MS. Chemometric methods revealed 87 compounds that constitute a specific chemical pattern either qualitatively or quantitatively indicating copepod presence. The majority of the compounds were present in both female and male exudates, but nine compounds were mainly or exclusively present in female exudates and hence potential pheromone candidates. Copepodamide G, known to induce defensive responses in phytoplankton, was among the ten compounds of highest relative abundance in both male and female extracts. The presence of copepodamide G shows that the method can be used to capture and analyze chemical signals from living source organisms. We conclude that solid phase extraction in combina...Continue Reading

References

Jul 26, 2002·Pest Management Science·Anna IngvarsdóttirA Jennifer Mordue
Jun 14, 2006·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Erik SelanderHenrik Pavia
Feb 6, 2007·Trends in Ecology & Evolution·Georg PohnertRalph Tollrian
Jun 15, 2007·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Jeremy D LongMark E Hay
Oct 30, 2010·Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences·Astrid Spielmeyer, Georg Pohnert
Mar 4, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Erik SelanderThomas Kiørboe
Jan 15, 2013·Angewandte Chemie·Jeroen GillardWim Vyverman
Apr 29, 2015·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Erik SelanderHenrik Pavia

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
metabolomic profiling
feature extraction
Profiler
PCA

Software Mentioned

PCA
Mass Profiler Professional
DA
SIMCA
Agilent MassHunter Workstation
MPP
Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis
OPLS

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