Spatial and temporal variability of personal environmental exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields in children in Europe

Environment International
Laura Ellen BirksM Guxens

Abstract

Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) has rapidly increased and little is known about exposure levels in children. This study describes personal RF-EMF environmental exposure levels from handheld devices and fixed site transmitters in European children, the determinants of this, and the day-to-day and year-to-year repeatability of these exposure levels. Personal environmental RF-EMF exposure (μW/m2, power flux density) was measured in 529 children (ages 8-18 years) in Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Spain using personal portable exposure meters for a period of up to three days between 2014 and 2016, and repeated in a subsample of 28 children one year later. The meters captured 16 frequency bands every 4 s and incorporated a GPS. Activity diaries and questionnaires were used to collect children's location, use of handheld devices, and presence of indoor RF-EMF sources. Six general frequency bands were defined: total, digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT), television and radio antennas (broadcast), mobile phones (uplink), mobile phone base stations (downlink), and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi). We used adjusted mixed effects models with region random effects to estimate associati...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 30, 2018·Biomolecules & Therapeutics·Ju Hwan KimHak Rim Kim
Jan 4, 2020·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Alberto NajeraJesus Gonzalez-Rubio
Mar 19, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Raquel Ramirez-VazquezEnrique Arribas
Oct 20, 2018·Bioelectromagnetics·Marloes EeftensMartin Röösli
Mar 20, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Emma ChiaramelloJoe Wiart
Oct 17, 2018·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Berihun M ZelekeGeza Benke
Sep 27, 2018·International Journal of Biomaterials·Carlo GalliStefano Guizzardi
Nov 23, 2020·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health·Alba Cabré-RieraMònica Guxens
Mar 7, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Raquel Ramirez-VazquezEnrique Arribas
Apr 3, 2021·Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source·Maarten VelgheArno Thielens
Sep 15, 2018·Environment International·Marloes EeftensMartin Röösli

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