Spatial variation, source identification, and quality assessment of surface water geochemical composition in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
Faizan Ur Rehman QaisarChen Zeng

Abstract

The Indus River Basin (IRB) with an area of 139,202 km2 is the lifeline river basin of Pakistan. An intensive study was conducted in six subcatchments of the IRB with five in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) and one of the Lower Indus Basin (LIB; between Tarbela Dam and Panjand), i.e., the Gilgit River Basin (UIB-I), Hunza River Basin (UIB-II), UIB-III, UIB-IV and UIB-V, and LIB. A total of 84 surface water samples were collected from main stream and tributaries from June to August, 2016. The pH, electric conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ, whereas major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, SO42-, and NO3-) and Si were analyzed in the laboratory. The results exhibited alkaline pH (8.55 ± 0.20) with diverse TDS (114.69 ± 77.65 mg L-1) and ion concentrations that were characterized primarily by the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type in the whole basin. The average TDS in the UIB and LIB were 93.99 ± 39.73 and 181.67 ± 167.82 mg L-1, respectively, under the influence of the arid to semi-arid climatic conditions and relatively higher anthropogenic interference in LIB compared to the UIB. The order of dominant major cations was different in the UIB and LIB, reflecting the diverse nature of geological formation. Gibbs plot,...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 14, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Sameer K TiwariA K L Asthana
Jun 17, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Fan ZhangDeliang Chen
May 16, 2019·Environmental Technology·Sandeep RavishSurinder Deswal
Dec 28, 2019·Journal of Hazardous Materials·Ramesh Raj PantRejina Maskey
Sep 18, 2021·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Ramesh Raj PantKedar Rijal

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