PMID: 8977525Dec 1, 1996Paper

Specific versus cooperative regulatory mechanisms of the cytokine genes that are clustered on the same chromosome

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
N Koyano-Nakagawa, K Arai

Abstract

The genes for IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are known to be clustered on human chromosome 5q and on mouse chromosome 11. IL-2 and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) genes are located on separate chromosomes. It is well known that upon stimulation by antigen presentation, TH1 and TH2 subsets of T helper cells start to transcribe distinct sets of cytokine genes. Thus mechanisms should exist that transmit extracellular signals into the nucleus, thereby coordinately turning on transcriptional machinery in cell type-specific manners. Several different mechanisms exist in which specific as well as coordinated expression of cytokines are regulated at the transcriptional level. These include (1) regulation by proximal cis-elements, to which specific transcription factors bind, (2) regulation by distal cis-elements, such as enhancers or locus controlling elements, especially those located several kilobases away from the target gene, and (3) enhancement of transcription by viral trans-activators in a pathologic state. In this article, we review the recent studies on the above issues, with particular emphasis on our own results that support the presence of different modes of control...Continue Reading

References

Mar 15, 1993·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·P N CockerillM A Vadas

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Sep 16, 2000·Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomédecine & Pharmacothérapie·H BesslerH Salman
Jun 25, 1998·Current Opinion in Immunology·S Agarwal, A Rao
Nov 22, 2005·Acta Oto-laryngologica·Marina G SmirnovaJeffrey P Pearson
Aug 28, 1997·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·H HeinJ Bartels

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.