Spirituality as a scientific construct: testing its universality across cultures and languages

PloS One
Douglas A MacDonaldHye Wook Cheong

Abstract

Using data obtained from 4004 participants across eight countries (Canada, India, Japan, Korea, Poland, Slovakia, Uganda, and the U.S.), the factorial reliability, validity and structural/measurement invariance of a 30-item version of Expressions of Spirituality Inventory (ESI-R) was evaluated. The ESI-R measures a five factor model of spirituality developed through the conjoint factor analysis of several extant measures of spiritual constructs. Exploratory factor analyses of pooled data provided evidence that the five ESI-R factors are reliable. Confirmatory analyses comparing four and five factor models revealed that the five dimensional model demonstrates superior goodness-of-fit with all cultural samples and suggest that the ESI-R may be viewed as structurally invariant. Measurement invariance, however, was not supported as manifested in significant differences in item and dimension scores and in significantly poorer fit when factor loadings were constrained to equality across all samples. Exploratory analyses with a second adjective measure of spirituality using American, Indian, and Ugandan samples identified three replicable factors which correlated with ESI-R dimensions in a manner supportive of convergent validity. The...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 25, 2017·The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease·Douglas A MacDonald
Oct 21, 2016·PloS One·Matthias BluemkeJamin Halberstadt
Aug 9, 2016·Holistic Nursing Practice·Rainbow T H HoCaitlin K P Chan
May 20, 2021·TheScientificWorldJournal·Evangelos C Fradelos
Sep 2, 2021·Journal of Religion and Health·Augustine ParattukudiMichel Bédard
Dec 7, 2021·Frontiers in Psychology·Marina Aline de Brito SenaMario Fernando Prieto Peres

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Software Mentioned

Analysis of Moment Structures ( AMOS )
ESI
R

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