Spontaneous cell polarization: Feedback control of Cdc42 GTPase breaks cellular symmetry

BioEssays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
Sophie G Martin

Abstract

Spontaneous polarization without spatial cues, or symmetry breaking, is a fundamental problem of spatial organization in biological systems. This question has been extensively studied using yeast models, which revealed the central role of the small GTPase switch Cdc42. Active Cdc42-GTP forms a coherent patch at the cell cortex, thought to result from amplification of a small initial stochastic inhomogeneity through positive feedback mechanisms, which induces cell polarization. Here, I review and discuss the mechanisms of Cdc42 activity self-amplification and dynamic turnover. A robust Cdc42 patch is formed through the combined effects of Cdc42 activity promoting its own activation and active Cdc42-GTP displaying reduced membrane detachment and lateral diffusion compared to inactive Cdc42-GDP. I argue the role of the actin cytoskeleton in symmetry breaking is not primarily to transport Cdc42 to the active site. Finally, negative feedback and competition mechanisms serve to control the number of polarization sites.

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Citations

Feb 1, 2017·Molecular Biology of the Cell·Andrew B Goryachev, Marcin Leda
Mar 18, 2017·Small GTPases·Marlis Denk-Lobnig, Adam C Martin
Mar 21, 2017·ELife·Mohammad Hossein RohbanAnne E Carpenter
Jul 26, 2017·Microbiology·Miguel EstravísBeatriz Santos
Feb 18, 2018·The Journal of Cell Biology·Laura MerliniSophie G Martin
Jun 23, 2018·Genome Biology and Evolution·Eveline T DiepeveenLiedewij Laan
Aug 10, 2018·Molecular Biology of the Cell·Pil Jung KangHay-Oak Park
Jan 18, 2019·Journal of Cellular Physiology·Natsumi DoiMasaaki Tatsuka
Jun 4, 2019·Journal of Cell Science·Sophie G Martin
Jul 17, 2020·The Journal of Cell Biology·Anna Zagryazhskaya-MassonPhilippe Chavrier
Feb 1, 2019·Journal of Cell Science·Kim J A VendelLiedewij Laan
Mar 16, 2017·Protoplasma·Tomáš Mazel
Jul 22, 2018·PLoS Computational Biology·Bita KhaliliDimitrios Vavylonis
Apr 17, 2019·International Microbiology : the Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology·Pilar PérezJose Cansado
Nov 1, 2016·Genes & Development·Omaya DudinSophie G Martin
Dec 15, 2019·Journal of Cell Science·Kotryna VaidžiulytėKristine Schauer
Aug 16, 2017·Biophysics Reviews·Eveline T DiepeveenLiedewij Laan
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Jul 3, 2021·Cells·Jero Vicente-SolerMarisa Madrid
Jul 10, 2021·Cells & Development·Teresa BonelloBarry J Thompson
Sep 11, 2021·Scientific Reports·Patricia GarcíaJavier Encinar Del Dedo

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