PMID: 16646445May 2, 2006Paper

Spray irrigation of treated municipal wastewater as a potential source of atmospheric PBDEs

Environmental Science & Technology
Anubha GoelStaci L Massey Simonich

Abstract

Spray irrigation facilities utilizing treated municipal wastewater are a potential source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to the atmosphere. PBDEs are used as flame retardants in many household items and have been found in wastewaters and biosolids. Evidence of PBDE release from spray irrigation facilities was discovered during a multiyear project to measure semivolatile organic chemical concentrations in air. Four BDE congeners (47, 99, 100, and 154) were monitored at three remote/ rural locations in Maryland and Delaware from 2001 to 2003. Average concentrations at two of the sites (BDE-47, 10-17 pg/m3; BDE-99, 5.3-7.7 pg/m3) reflect background levels. Average concentrations at the third location were 5-10 times higher (BDE-47, 175 pg/m3; BDE-99, 26 pg/m3) and were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001) with temperature indicating local source(s). Several spray irrigation facilities are located south and west of the third site, the prevailing wind direction during the spring and summer when most samples were collected. The fine mist released from the irrigation equipment may enhance release to the atmosphere via air-water gas exchange from water droplets. Temporal trends indicate that aerial concentrations of PBDEs i...Continue Reading

References

Apr 2, 2005·Analytical Chemistry·Luke K AckermanStaci L Simonich

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Citations

Apr 12, 2007·Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology·Matthew Lorber
Jan 5, 2010·Atmospheric Environment·Ruthann A Rudel, Laura J Perovich
Jun 24, 2008·The Science of the Total Environment·Anne P VonderheideGwendolyn L Welsh
Sep 8, 2010·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Anubha GoelRobert Scarborough
Sep 2, 2009·Mass Spectrometry Reviews·Dongli Wang, Qing X Li
Jun 6, 2008·Journal of Environmental Monitoring : JEM·Ruud J B PetersRob J van Delft
Jun 6, 2007·Environmental Science & Technology·Toby PrimbsYoshizumi Kajii

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