Stage-dependent toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic on the embryonic development of a South American toad, Rhinella arenarum

Environmental Toxicology
Carolina M AronzonCristina Silvia Pérez-Coll

Abstract

The acute and short term chronic toxicity of both the herbicide butyl ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and a commercial formulation (CF) were evaluated on Rhinella (= Bufo) arenarum embryos at different developmental stages. Adverse effects were analyzed by means of the isotoxicity curves for lethality, malformations, stage-dependent susceptibility, and ultrastructural features. For all experimental conditions, the CF was more toxic, up to 10 times, than the active ingredient, being the open mouth stage (S.21) the most susceptible to the herbicide. For continuous treatment conditions, the early embryonic development was the most susceptible to 2,4-D and the LC50s for 96 and 168 h were 9.06 and 7.76 mg L(-1) respectively. In addition, both the active ingredient and the CF were highly teratogenic, resulting in reduced body size, delayed development, microcephaly, agenesis of gills, and abnormal cellular proliferation processes as the main adverse effects. According to US EPA, 2,4-D in agricultural scenarios may be up to three times higher than the NOEC values for teratogenic effects reported in this study. Therefore, they might represent a risk for amphibians. This study also points out the relevance of reporting t...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 16, 2012·Ecotoxicology·Gabriela V SvartzCristina S Pérez-Coll
Feb 4, 2014·Chemosphere·Carolina Mariel AronzonCristina Silvia Pérez Coll
Sep 10, 2014·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Aronzon Carolina MarielPérez Coll Cristina Silvia
Oct 23, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Gabriela SvartzCristina Pérez Coll
Sep 16, 2011·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Carolina M AronzonCristina S Pérezcoll
Jan 1, 2014·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Gabriela V SvartzCristina S Pérez Coll
Nov 19, 2013·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Noelia NikoloffMarcelo L Larramendy
Jun 11, 2016·Ecotoxicology·Laurène Freydier, Jonathan G Lundgren
Oct 11, 2017·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Lihong ChaiHongzhang Deng
Nov 5, 2011·Environmental Toxicology·Ianina R Hutler WolkowiczCristina S Pérez Coll
Dec 16, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Yamila AsparchCristina Pérez Coll
Jan 21, 2020·Human & Experimental Toxicology·L M FreitasF C Lima
Feb 12, 2011·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Abelardo Andrés SztrumJorge Herkovits
Apr 22, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Carlos MesakGuilherme Malafaia
Jul 20, 2019·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Juliane Silberschmidt FreitasEvaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
Mar 24, 2021·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Felipe André PavanMarilia Teresinha Hartmann
Aug 15, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Julieta PelusoCarolina M Aronzon
Oct 8, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Julieta PelusoCarolina M Aronzon

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