Abstract
The acute and short term chronic toxicity of both the herbicide butyl ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and a commercial formulation (CF) were evaluated on Rhinella (= Bufo) arenarum embryos at different developmental stages. Adverse effects were analyzed by means of the isotoxicity curves for lethality, malformations, stage-dependent susceptibility, and ultrastructural features. For all experimental conditions, the CF was more toxic, up to 10 times, than the active ingredient, being the open mouth stage (S.21) the most susceptible to the herbicide. For continuous treatment conditions, the early embryonic development was the most susceptible to 2,4-D and the LC50s for 96 and 168 h were 9.06 and 7.76 mg L(-1) respectively. In addition, both the active ingredient and the CF were highly teratogenic, resulting in reduced body size, delayed development, microcephaly, agenesis of gills, and abnormal cellular proliferation processes as the main adverse effects. According to US EPA, 2,4-D in agricultural scenarios may be up to three times higher than the NOEC values for teratogenic effects reported in this study. Therefore, they might represent a risk for amphibians. This study also points out the relevance of reporting t...Continue Reading
References
Jan 1, 1992·Drug and Chemical Toxicology·V RivarolaH Balegno
Oct 1, 1991·Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·E M Rodriguez, O A Amin
Jan 1, 1994·Archives of Toxicology·C M PalmeiraV M Madeira
Aug 1, 1995·Biological Trace Element Research·J Herkovits, C S Perez-Coll
Jun 7, 1996·Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health·M K MorganR A Pyles
Jan 1, 1997·Journal of Wildlife Diseases·M OuelletS Lair
Nov 12, 1998·The Science of the Total Environment·J Herkovits, L A Helguero
Mar 25, 1999·Environmental Health Perspectives·W H van der SchalieW S Stokes
Mar 7, 2000·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·J HerkovitsF D Herkovits
Apr 28, 2000·Nature·J E HoulahanS L Kuzmin
Jun 28, 2000·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·S B RossoS Quiroga
Aug 26, 2000·Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·M F IzaguirreV H Casco
Dec 29, 2000·Archives of Toxicology·P VenkovE Karanov
Feb 27, 2001·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·J M CharlesJ S Bus
Jun 29, 2001·Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·H M Bueno-GuimarãesP H Saldiva
Aug 16, 2001·Environmental Pollution·R M Mann, J R Bidwell
Jan 26, 2002·Environmental Pollution·Jorge HerkovitsFrancisco D Herkovits
Jul 13, 2002·Mutation Research·Bushra AteeqWaseem Ahmad
Dec 25, 2003·Molecular Reproduction and Development·Barbara Stebbins-BoazElisa Winger
Feb 27, 2004·Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology : CBP·E Ozcan OrucN Uner
Jan 1, 1990·Environmental Pollution·C S Pérez-Coll, J Herkovits
Oct 19, 2004·Chemosphere·Graciela PalmaRicardo Barra
Mar 25, 2005·Chemosphere·L FerrariA Salibián
May 16, 2006·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Rosalind M Green, Assaf A Abdelghani
Oct 24, 2006·Reproductive Toxicology·Alexis M LaChapelleBarbara Stebbins-Boaz
Dec 13, 2006·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Cristina Silvia Perez-Coll, Jorge Herkovits
Sep 21, 2007·Environment International·R McKinlayN Voulvoulis
Aug 12, 2008·Aquatic Toxicology·Julie C BrodeurJorge Herkovits
Aug 13, 2008·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·David B Wake, Vance T Vredenburg
Oct 14, 2008·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Luis A CastañagaJorge Herkovits
Jul 1, 1997·Environmental Science & Technology·C W Schmidt
Citations
Mar 16, 2012·Ecotoxicology·Gabriela V SvartzCristina S Pérez-Coll
Feb 4, 2014·Chemosphere·Carolina Mariel AronzonCristina Silvia Pérez Coll
Sep 10, 2014·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Aronzon Carolina MarielPérez Coll Cristina Silvia
Oct 23, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Gabriela SvartzCristina Pérez Coll
Sep 16, 2011·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Carolina M AronzonCristina S Pérezcoll
Jan 1, 2014·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Gabriela V SvartzCristina S Pérez Coll
Nov 19, 2013·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Noelia NikoloffMarcelo L Larramendy
Jun 3, 2016·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Sonia SoloneskiMarcelo L Larramendy
Jun 11, 2016·Ecotoxicology·Laurène Freydier, Jonathan G Lundgren
Mar 18, 2017·Critical Reviews in Toxicology·B H NealJ C Lamb
Oct 11, 2017·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Lihong ChaiHongzhang Deng
Nov 5, 2011·Environmental Toxicology·Ianina R Hutler WolkowiczCristina S Pérez Coll
Dec 16, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Yamila AsparchCristina Pérez Coll
Jan 21, 2020·Human & Experimental Toxicology·L M FreitasF C Lima
May 1, 2020·Scientific Reports·Yeisson GutiérrezChristoph Scherber
Mar 26, 2020·PloS One·Afure J EjomahSese-Owei Ekaye
Feb 12, 2011·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Abelardo Andrés SztrumJorge Herkovits
Nov 30, 2019·Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·Elżbieta MierzejewskaMagdalena Urbaniak
Apr 22, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Carlos MesakGuilherme Malafaia
Dec 1, 2020·Chemosphere·Cristina ViriatoCláudia Maris Ferreira
Jul 20, 2019·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Juliane Silberschmidt FreitasEvaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
Apr 8, 2020·Environmental Pollution·Julieta PelusoCristina S Pérez Coll
Mar 24, 2021·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Felipe André PavanMarilia Teresinha Hartmann
Aug 15, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Julieta PelusoCarolina M Aronzon
Aug 29, 2019·ACS Omega·Zhen JuKai Li
Oct 8, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Julieta PelusoCarolina M Aronzon