State of the art in bile analysis in forensic toxicology

Forensic Science International : Synergy
F BévalotLaurent Fanton

Abstract

In forensic toxicology, alternative matrices to blood are useful in case of limited, unavailable or unusable blood sample, suspected postmortem redistribution or long drug intake-to-sampling interval. The present article provides an update on the state of knowledge for the use of bile in forensic toxicology, through a review of the Medline literature from 1970 to May 2015. Bile physiology and technical aspects of analysis (sampling, storage, sample preparation and analytical methods) are reported, to highlight specificities and consequences from an analytical and interpretative point of view. A table summarizes cause of death and quantification in bile and blood of 133 compounds from more than 200 case reports, providing a useful tool for forensic physicians and toxicologists involved in interpreting bile analysis. Qualitative and quantitative interpretation is discussed. As bile/blood concentration ratios are high for numerous molecules or metabolites, bile is a matrix of choice for screening when blood concentrations are low or non-detectable: e.g., cases of weak exposure or long intake-to-death interval. Quantitative applications have been little investigated, but small molecules with low bile/blood concentration ratios seem...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 18, 2019·Drug Testing and Analysis·Raimo A Ketola, Pirkko Kriikku
Nov 7, 2019·The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology·Isabella MercurioMauro Bacci
Sep 18, 2020·International Journal of Legal Medicine·Zijie LinYulan Rao
Jul 7, 2017·Clinical Toxicology : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists·Robin E Ferner, Jeffrey K Aronson
Nov 24, 2020·Journal of Forensic Sciences·Lorenzo FranceschettiCristina Cattaneo
Jan 3, 2021·International Journal of Legal Medicine·Gaia GiordanoDomenico Di Candia

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