Stimulants: How big is the problem and what are the effects of prenatal exposure?

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Trecia Wouldes, Barry M Lester

Abstract

Globally, cocaine use increased by 7%-18.2 million people in 2016 or 0.4% of the world population aged 15-64. In 2016, over 34 million (0.7%) people aged 15-64 used amphetamines and a further 0.4% used MDMA (Ecstasy). Women of child bearing age worldwide are increasingly using and becoming dependent on stimulants; and are, in turn, more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, sexual violence, unplanned pregnancies and mental health problems. Stimulant use during pregnancy increases obstetric complications for the mother, increases the rate of preterm birth and decreases birth weight, length and head circumference for the exposed infant. No consistent signs of neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring pharmacological treatment have been identified for cocaine or methamphetamine, however, infants exposed to one or both drugs exhibit disorganized neurobehaviour at birth. Increased efforts worldwide are needed to determine the extent of maternal stimulant use and to prevent or identify and treat substance use early during pregnancy.

Citations

Dec 11, 2020·Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal D'obstétrique Et Gynécologie Du Canada : JOGC·Lisa E GravesJocelynn L Cook
Jan 9, 2021·Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology·Allison M HarrisonSophocles Chrissobolis
Apr 9, 2021·Addiction·Fatima Anne PerezJu Lee Oei
Aug 3, 2021·Frontiers in Pharmacology·Jia-Hao LiXiao-Li Xie
Aug 7, 2021·International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics : the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics·Melissa AckermanAlexandra King

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