Stimulating immune responses to fight cancer: Basic biology and mechanisms

Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology
Kenneth O'Byrne

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is now recognized as a major cause of malignant disease. In concert with various mechanisms (including DNA instability), hypoxia and activation of inflammatory bioactive lipid pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokines open the doorway to malignant transformation and proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in many cancers. A balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals regulates the immune response to cancer. These include inhibitory checkpoints that modulate the extent and duration of the immune response and may be activated by tumor cells. This contributes to immune resistance, especially against tumor antigen-specific T-cells. Targeting these checkpoints is an evolving approach to cancer immunotherapy, designed to foster an immune response. The current focus of these trials is on the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Researchers have developed anti-PD-1 and anti-PDL-1 antibodies that interfere with the ligands and receptor and allow the tumor cell to be recognized and attacked by tumor-infiltrating T-cells. These are currently being studied in lung cancer. Likewise, CTLA-4 inhibitors, which have ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 1, 2017·Journal of Cancer Prevention & Current Research·Karen L ChenZeynep Madak-Erdogan
Apr 21, 2018·Biomacromolecules·Santhosh Kalash RajendrakumarIn-Kyu Park
Aug 28, 2017·Journal of Thoracic Oncology : Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer·Sophie FengKen O'Byrne

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