Abstract
Ingested protein provides substrate for gluconeogenesis and strongly stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion, but it has little effect on the glucose concentration in people with type 2 diabetes. Ingested fructose also is a substrate for gluconeogenesis, modestly stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion, and has little effect on the plasma glucose. Therefore we were interested in determining if ingestion of fructose along with protein would result in an additive, greater than additive, or less than additive effect on circulating insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations. Seven male subjects with untreated type 2 diabetes were fasted overnight and then were given either 25 g fructose, 25 g protein, 25 g fructose plus 25 g protein, or water only at 0800. Subjects also ingested 50 g glucose on two separate occasions. Plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, alpha-amino nitrogen, urea nitrogen, nonesterified fatty acids, and triglyceride concentrations were determined over the subsequent 5 h. The glucose concentration was only modestly increased and the area responses were similar when protein, fructose, or the combination was ingested. Thus, the glucose response to the combination was less than additive. The insulin ar...Continue Reading
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