Stretch and/or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in an in vitro traumatic brain injury (TBI) model induces calcium alteration and inflammatory cascade

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Ellaine SalvadorCarola Y Förster

Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), made up of endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain, maintains the microenvironment of the central nervous system. During ischemia and traumatic brain injury (TBI), cellular disruption leading to mechanical insult results to the BBB being compromised. Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) is the most commonly used in vitro model for ischemia. On the other hand, stretch injury is currently being used to model TBI in vitro. In this paper, the two methods are used alone or in combination, to assess their effects on cerebrovascular endothelial cells cEND in the presence or absence of astrocytic factors. Applying severe stretch and/or OGD to cEND cells in our experiments resulted to cell swelling and distortion. Damage to the cells induced release of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) and nitric oxide (NO) into the cell culture medium. In addition, mRNA expression of inflammatory markers interleukin (I L)-6, IL-1α, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also increased. These events could lead to the opening of calcium ion channels resulting to excitotoxicity. This could be demonstrated by increased calcium level in OGD-subjected cEND cells incubated with astrocyte-condi...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 3, 2016·Drug Discovery Today·Fábio G TeixeiraAntónio J Salgado
Jun 13, 2017·Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience·Winfried NeuhausCarola Y Förster
Dec 7, 2018·Current Neuropharmacology·Nicolás Toro-UrregoFrancisco Capani
Apr 12, 2019·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience·Mengchen YangJianning Zhang
Aug 24, 2019·Cells·Tzyy-Yue WongPei-Wen Cheng
Feb 11, 2021·Journal of Neurotrauma·Yi-Han WuVickie Shim
May 28, 2021·Histochemistry and Cell Biology·Ellaine SalvadorCarola Y Förster
Jun 9, 2021·Neural Regeneration Research·Wei-Na ChaiLi Jiang
Jul 17, 2020·Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering·Anton OmelchenkoBonnie L Firestein
Aug 13, 2021·Neural Regeneration Research·Wen-Yuan LiYing Wang

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
FCS
Assay
fluorescence microscopy

Software Mentioned

Fluorchem FC2
Sigma Plot
Cell Injury Controller II

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