Structural Equation Modeling With Many Variables: A Systematic Review of Issues and Developments

Frontiers in Psychology
Lifang DengKaterina M Marcoulides

Abstract

Survey data in social, behavioral, and health sciences often contain many variables (p). Structural equation modeling (SEM) is commonly used to analyze such data. With a sufficient number of participants (N), SEM enables researchers to easily set up and reliably test hypothetical relationships among theoretical constructs as well as those between the constructs and their observed indicators. However, SEM analyses with small N or large p have been shown to be problematic. This article reviews issues and solutions for SEM with small N, especially when p is large. The topics addressed include methods for parameter estimation, test statistics for overall model evaluation, and reliable standard errors for evaluating the significance of parameter estimates. Previous recommendations on required sample size N are also examined together with more recent developments. In particular, the requirement for N with conventional methods can be a lot more than expected, whereas new advances and developments can reduce the requirement for N substantially. The issues and developments for SEM with many variables described in this article not only let applied researchers be aware of the cutting edge methodology for SEM with big data as characterized...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 7, 2019·Frontiers in Psychology·Karl SchweizerStefan J Troche
May 16, 2020·Frontiers in Neuroscience·José Manuel FoncubiertaM C Fonseca-Mora
Dec 22, 2020·Psychometrika·Yunxiao ChenHaoran Zhang
Jan 6, 2021·Multivariate Behavioral Research·Ke-Hai YuanKaterina M Marcoulides
Mar 4, 2021·Psychological Medicine·Nur Hani Zainal, Michelle G Newman
Aug 3, 2020·Journal of Psychosomatic Research·Sigert AriensJanne K Adolf
Apr 8, 2021·Journal of Business and Psychology·Ward van Zoonen, Claartje L Ter Hoeven
May 6, 2021·The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology·Christoph Kiefer, Axel Mayer

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Software Mentioned

LISREL
mls
ml
gls
rml
SEM
EQS

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