Structure-function studies of glutamate synthases: a class of self-regulated iron-sulfur flavoenzymes essential for nitrogen assimilation

IUBMB Life
Maria A Vanoni, Bruno Curti

Abstract

Glutamate synthases play with glutamine synthetase an essential role in nitrogen assimilation processes in microorganisms, plants, and lower animals by catalyzing the net synthesis of one molecule of L-glutamate from L-glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate. They exhibit a modular architecture with a common subunit or region, which is responsible for the L-glutamine-dependent glutamate synthesis from 2-oxoglutarate. Here, a PurF- (Type II- or Ntn-) type amidotransferase domain is coupled to the synthase domain, a (beta/alpha)8 barrel containing FMN and one [3Fe-4S]0,+1 cluster, through a approximately 30 angstroms-long intramolecular tunnel for the transfer of ammonia between the sites. In bacterial and eukaryotic GltS, reducing equivalents are provided by reduced pyridine nucleotides thanks to the stable association with a second subunit or region, which acts as a FAD-dependent NAD(P)H oxidoreductase and is responsible for the formation of the two low potential [4Fe-4S]+1,+2 clusters of the enzyme. In photosynthetic cells, reduced ferredoxin is the physiological reductant. This review focus on the mechanism of cross-activation of the synthase and glutaminase reactions in response to the bound substrates and the redox state of the enzyme...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 14, 2013·The ISME Journal·Jody J WrightSteven J Hallam
Mar 5, 2011·Progress in Lipid Research·Mie Shimojima
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Apr 1, 2014·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Christelle GruffazFrançoise Bringel

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