Structure of the Cladosporium fulvum Avr4 effector in complex with (GlcNAc)6 reveals the ligand-binding mechanism and uncouples its intrinsic function from recognition by the Cf-4 resistance protein

PLoS Pathogens
Nicholas HurlburtAndrew J Fisher

Abstract

Effectors are microbial-derived secreted proteins with an essential function in modulating host immunity during infections. CfAvr4, an effector protein from the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and the founding member of a fungal effector family, promotes parasitism through binding fungal chitin and protecting it from chitinases. Binding of Avr4 to chitin is mediated by a carbohydrate-binding module of family 14 (CBM14), an abundant CBM across all domains of life. To date, the structural basis of chitin-binding by Avr4 effector proteins and of recognition by the cognate Cf-4 plant immune receptor are still poorly understood. Using X-ray crystallography, we solved the crystal structure of CfAvr4 in complex with chitohexaose [(GlcNAc)6] at 1.95Å resolution. This is the first co-crystal structure of a CBM14 protein together with its ligand that further reveals the molecular mechanism of (GlcNAc)6 binding by Avr4 effector proteins and CBM14 family members in general. The structure showed that two molecules of CfAvr4 interact through the ligand and form a three-dimensional molecular sandwich that encapsulates two (GlcNAc)6 molecules within the dimeric assembly. Contrary to previous assumptions made with other CBM14 members, the c...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 10, 2019·Plant Signaling & Behavior·Liping LiuChu Wu
Jun 24, 2020·PLoS Pathogens·Andrea Sánchez-ValletBart P H J Thomma
Aug 9, 2020·Molecular Plant Pathology·Claire Kanja, Kim E Hammond-Kosack
Sep 4, 2020·The New Phytologist·Wen SongJijie Chai
Nov 5, 2020·Current Genetics·Amrita PradhanGopaljee Jha
Feb 4, 2021·Mycologia·Shigeyuki Tanaka, Regine Kahmann
Dec 15, 2020·The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology·Irene Del HierroAntonio Molina
Nov 16, 2019·Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B·Yanan GuoRosie E Bradshaw
Aug 3, 2021·Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences·Jiaxin HouAhu Gümrah Dumanli
Aug 13, 2021·Journal of Integrative Plant Biology·Muhammad TariqjaveedWenxian Sun

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
NMR
X-ray
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
protease assay
Assay
PCR

Software Mentioned

NanoAnalyze
Agilent QuikChange Primer Design
DaliLite
Phenix Refine
ExPASy
Phenix eLBOW

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