Abstract
Acute toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NP, mean particle size diameter of 10 nm) powder and water-soluble salt of zinc (ZnCl2) to annelid Enchytraeus crypticus was tested using an agar-based nutrient-enriched medium with the addition of kaolin and humic acids (HA). Adults of the E. crypticus were cultivated in pure agar and in three types of modified exposure media containing different proportions of model soil constituents. Potworms were exposed to zinc in both forms (1-1000 mg kg-1 of agar) for 96 h. In experiments with ZnCl2, toxicity of zinc was the highest in pure agar followed by agar with HA and agar with kaolin and HA and the lowest toxicity was observed in agar with kaolin. The corresponding LC50 values were 13.2, 28.8, 39.4, and 75.4 mg kg-1 respectively. In contrast, zinc in the form of ZnO-NPs was most toxic in the presence of HA followed by pure agar, agar with kaolin, and kaolin with HA. In this case, LC50 values were 15.8, 43.5, 111, and 122 mg kg-1 respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the smallest agglomerates occurred in the presence of kaolin, where ZnO-NPs were sealed in a kaolin shell. This effect reduced the bioavailability and toxicity of the NPs. In contrast, larger agglomerate...Continue Reading
References
Feb 14, 1998·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·L PosthumaE M Dirven-Van Breemen
Sep 25, 2003·Chemosphere·Koen Lock, Colin R Janssen
Sep 19, 2007·Environmental Science & Technology·Paula Sánchez-MarínRicardo Beiras
Aug 22, 2008·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·O J OwojoriA B Rozanov
Dec 17, 2008·Environmental Pollution·Huanhua WangBaoshan Xing
Jan 30, 2009·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Thomas K DarlingtonSteven J Oldenburg
Feb 6, 2009·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Hongbo MaPhillip L Williams
May 8, 2009·Nanotechnology·Xiaoshan ZhuYongsheng Chen
Jun 16, 2009·Nature Materials·Andre E NelMike Thompson
Mar 16, 2011·Environment International·Lian-Zhen LiPeng Wang
Mar 29, 2011·Environment International·Helen L HooperClaus Svendsen
Apr 14, 2011·Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology·Priyanka KhareAruna Satish
Apr 20, 2011·Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids·Shao-Wei BianVicki H Grassian
Apr 26, 2011·Environmental Pollution·Sara C NovaisMónica J B Amorim
Jun 23, 2011·ACS Nano·Alexandre Albanese, Warren C W Chan
Jul 5, 2011·Environmental Pollution·Pauline L KoolCornelis A M van Gestel
Oct 18, 2011·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Richard D HandyNina Horne
Oct 25, 2011·Journal of Environmental Monitoring : JEM·Jaclyn E CañasMicah J Green
Oct 9, 2012·Chemosphere·Tal Ben-MosheBrian Berkowitz
Feb 23, 2013·Analytical Chemistry·Melissa A Maurer-JonesChristy L Haynes
Jun 7, 2013·Nanotoxicology·Laura R HeggelundClaus Svendsen
Jun 14, 2013·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Pauline L Waalewijn-KoolCornelis A M van Gestel
Dec 24, 2013·Toxicology Letters·W Neil EverettH-J Sue
May 6, 2014·Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·C García-GómezM D Fernández
Aug 4, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Jakub OprsalKaterina Hrda
Jan 5, 2016·The Science of the Total Environment·Vinayak Laxman PachapurR Y Surampalli
Mar 14, 2016·Environmental Pollution·Alejandro Caballero-Guzman, Bernd Nowack
Sep 25, 2018·Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)·Shanaz JahanIsmail Bin Yusoff