Super-Maxwellian helium evaporation from pure and salty water

The Journal of Chemical Physics
Christine HahnGilbert M Nathanson

Abstract

Helium atoms evaporate from pure water and salty solutions in super-Maxwellian speed distributions, as observed experimentally and modeled theoretically. The experiments are performed by monitoring the velocities of dissolved He atoms that evaporate from microjets of pure water at 252 K and 4-8.5 molal LiCl and LiBr at 232-252 K. The average He atom energies exceed the flux-weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann average of 2RT by 30% for pure water and 70% for 8.5m LiBr. Classical molecular dynamics simulations closely reproduce the observed speed distributions and provide microscopic insight into the forces that eject the He atoms from solution. Comparisons of the density profile and He kinetic energies across the water-vacuum interface indicate that the He atoms are accelerated by He-water collisions within the top 1-2 layers of the liquid. We also find that the average He atom kinetic energy scales with the free energy of solvation of this sparingly soluble gas. This free-energy difference reflects the steeply decreasing potential of mean force on the He atoms in the interfacial region, whose gradient is the repulsive force that tends to expel the atoms. The accompanying sharp decrease in water density suppresses the He-water collisions...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 2, 2016·The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters·Jennifer A FaustGilbert Maker Nathanson
Jul 9, 2016·The Journal of Chemical Physics·Z R Kann, J L Skinner
Dec 21, 2016·The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B·Enamul-Hasan PatelSven P K Koehler
Apr 30, 2016·Chemical Society Reviews·Jennifer A Faust, Gilbert M Nathanson
Oct 29, 2017·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Kathryn A PerrineJohn C Hemminger
Feb 3, 2019·The Journal of Chemical Physics·Mikhail Ryazanov, David J Nesbitt
Jun 30, 2019·The Journal of Physical Chemistry. a·Thomas B SobyraGilbert M Nathanson

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