Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that the top surface is enriched by surfactants, tetraoctylammonium bromide, and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), in the sol-gel ZnO, being evidenced by the Br depth profile of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis data. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed the formation of Zn-Br bonding due to the oxygen defects occupied by Br at the surfactant-enriched ZnO surface. The surfactant-enriched ZnO surface possessed a smoother surface and more hydrophobicity than the pristine ZnO from the experimental results of atomic force microscopy and contact angle, respectively. On the basis of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy data, the work function slightly reduced due to the dipole built-up by the electrostatic force between Br- and N+ to enhance the electron extraction ability. The improved properties benefited the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs) by spin-coating the active layer on the surfactant-enriched ZnO surface. The inverted PSCs with the surfactant-enriched ZnO surface showed the highest PCE of 9.55% for the CPB case, in comparison with the pristine ZnO surface (8.08% PCE). This study discloses that turning the ZnO surface is easi...Continue Reading
References
Feb 15, 2007·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Beng S OngRafik Loutfy
Apr 8, 2011·Advanced Materials·Yanming SunAlan J Heeger
May 12, 2011·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Jung Hwa SeoGuillermo C Bazan
Jan 1, 2013·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·Shuyan ShaoFengling Zhang
May 8, 2013·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·Mein Jin TanWei Chen
Jul 13, 2013·Advanced Materials·Jang JoAlan J Heeger
Jul 28, 2013·Nature·Martin KaltenbrunnerTakao Someya
Aug 14, 2013·Advanced Materials·Sih-Hao LiaoShow-An Chen
Oct 10, 2013·Advanced Materials·Letian DouYang Yang
Jan 11, 2014·ACS Nano·Di MaXiwen Chen
Oct 30, 2014·Scientific Reports·Sih-Hao LiaoShow-An Chen
May 1, 2015·Nanoscale·Ting HuYiwang Chen
May 16, 2015·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·Wei Lin LeongAnanth Dodabalapur
Jan 13, 2016·Advanced Materials·Markus C Scharber
Jan 25, 2017·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·Jiajun WeiQingdong Zheng
Mar 8, 2018·Materials·Chung-Kai WuTen-Chin Wen